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In this paper, we demonstrate that formaldehyde can efficiently and specifically conjugate daunorubicin and doxorubicin to GTP, resulting in the formation of daunorubicin\u2010GTP\u20101 and doxorubicin\u2010GTP\u20101 conjugates. The linkage occurs between the 2\u2010NH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> of guanine and the 3\u2019\u2010NH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> of daunosamine. We characterized these daunorubicin\/doxorubicin\u2010GTP conjugates using various methods, including UV\u2010Vis, fluorescence, CD, FT\u2010IR, and mass spectrometry. Our results also indicate that these daunorubicin\/doxorubicin\u2010GTP conjugates bind to DNA via intercalation. Furthermore, we observed rapid accumulation of these conjugates in human cancer cells and observed cytotoxic effects in both doxorubicin\u2010sensitive SK\u2010OV\u20103 and doxorubicin\u2010resistant NCI\/ADR\u2010RES cells, suggesting that these daunorubicin and doxorubicin derivatives can overcome doxorubicin resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202300481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T14:08:50Z","timestamp":1723558130000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Conjugating Daunorubicin and Doxorubicin to GTP by Formaldehyde to Overcome Drug Resistance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Linjia","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sepideh","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"German","family":"Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Popular","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin Jeanne","family":"Dit Fouque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Fernandez\u2010Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"McGoron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenfei","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida International University  11200 SW 8th Street Miami FL 33199 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","unstructured":"K. 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