{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T00:07:20Z","timestamp":1788566840773,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]],"date-time":"2002-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1016150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are large geographic gradients in mortality rates for a number of cancers in the U.S. (e.g., rates are approximately twice as high in the northeast compared with the southwest). Risk factors such as diet fail to explain this variation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the geographic distributions for five types of cancer are related inversely to solar radiation. The purpose of the current study was to determine how many types of cancer are affected by solar radiation and how many premature deaths from cancer occur due to insufficient ultraviolet (UV)\u2010B radiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>UV\u2010B data for July 1992 and cancer mortality rates in the U.S. for between 1970\u20131994 were analyzed in an ecologic study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of the current study confirm previous results that solar UV\u2010B radiation is associated with reduced risk of cancer of the breast, colon, ovary, and prostate as well as non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma. Eight additional malignancies were found to exhibit an inverse correlation between mortality rates and UV\u2010B radiation: bladder, esophageal, kidney, lung, pancreatic, rectal, stomach, and corpus uteri. The annual number of premature deaths from cancer due to lower UV\u2010B exposures was 21,700 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 20,400\u201323,400) for white Americans, 1400 (95% CI, 1100\u20131600) for black Americans, and 500 (95% CI, 400\u2013600) for Asian Americans and other minorities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of the current study demonstrate that much of the geographic variation in cancer mortality rates in the U.S. can be attributed to variations in solar UV\u2010B radiation exposure. Thus, many lives could be extended through increased careful exposure to solar UV\u2010B radiation and more safely, vitamin D3 supplementation, especially in nonsummer months. Cancer 2002;94:1867\u201375. \u00a9 2002 American Cancer Society.<\/jats:p><jats:p>DOI 10.1002\/cncr.10427<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T19:42:44Z","timestamp":1030304564000},"page":"1867-1875","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":563,"title":["An estimate of premature cancer mortality in the U.S. due to inadequate doses of solar ultraviolet\u2010B radiation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"William B.","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Atlas of Cancer Mortality in the United States, 1950\u20131994","author":"Devesa SS","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/19.4.820"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GrantWB.An ecologic study of the role of solar UV\u2010B radiation in reducing the risk of cancer using cancer mortality data dietary supply data and latitude for European countries. In: Holick MF (editor.) Biologic effects of light 2001. Presented in: Proceedings of the Biologic Effects of Light Symposium Boston Massachusetts June 15\u201317 2001. In press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0937-0_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","article-title":"An ecologic study of dietary and solar UV\u2010B links to breast cancer mortality rates","author":"Grant WB","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/66.6.1192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","first-page":"670","volume-title":"Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective","author":"Potter JD","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","volume-title":"Food and nutrient intakes: individuals in four regions, 1977\u201378","author":"U.S. Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition Information Service","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200111000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/24.1.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.10.768"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","first-page":"96","article-title":"Acid haze air pollution and breast and colon cancer mortality in 20 Canadian cities","volume":"80","author":"Gorham ED","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(90)90058-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/9.3.227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.5.298"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7092.1451"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/23.6.1133"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for prostate cancer? (hypothesis)","volume":"10","author":"Schwartz GG","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19921215)70:12<2861::AID-CNCR2820701224>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.1.7341","article-title":"Editorial\/mini\u2010review: vitamin D and prostate cancer","volume":"141","author":"Feldman D","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer data. Available from URL:http:\/\/jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov\/[accessed October 22 2001]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900062"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000545"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","unstructured":"USDA UVB Radiation Monitoring Program. Available from URL:http:\/\/uvb.nrel.colostate.edu\/[accessed October 22 2001]."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0601:TUURMP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1993.1016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Time\u2010lag effect of dietary fiber and fat intake ratio on Japanese colon cancer mortality","volume":"9","author":"Tsuji K","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","first-page":"374","volume-title":"The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2001","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1994","author":"U.S. Bureau of the Census","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GrantWB.Health benefits of solar UV\u2010B radiation: cancer risk reduction. Presented in: Proceedings of SPIE 4482 Ultraviolet Ground\u2010 and Space\u2010Based Measurements Models and Effects San Diego California July 30\u2013August 1 2001. In press.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.452935"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1993.1010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-67-2-373"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","first-page":"140","article-title":"Vitamin D autocrine system and cancer","volume":"17","author":"Chen TC","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.86.2.888"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","first-page":"655","article-title":"Seasonal variation in vitamin D\u2010binding protein, and dehydroepiandrosterone: risk of prostate cancer in black and white men","volume":"4","author":"Corder EH","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","first-page":"399","article-title":"Vitamin D and breast cancer risk: the NHANES I epidemiologic follow\u2010up study, 1971\u20131975 to 1992. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"8","author":"John EM","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018450531136"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","first-page":"897","article-title":"Dietary calcium, vitamin D, and the risk of colorectal cancer in Stockholm, Sweden","volume":"5","author":"Pritchard RS","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008979417618"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","first-page":"869","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor polymorphism and the risk of colorectal adenomas: evidence of interaction with dietary vitamin d and calcium","volume":"10","author":"Kim HS","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011280518278"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.2.166"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000012107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.141.7.2548"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","first-page":"413","article-title":"The relationship between the vitamin D system and cancer","volume":"206","author":"DeLuca HF","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1993.406"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(20000401)86:1<40::AID-IJC6>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)63098-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(95)03958-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1996.tb01068.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6281884"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/61.3.638S","article-title":"Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D","volume":"61","author":"Holick MF","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/91GL02954"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.1278"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.12.1040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control State Tobacco Activities Tracking & Evaluation. Available from URL:http:\/\/www2.cdc.gov\/nccdphp\/osh\/state\/rpt_epi_display.asp?rpt_id=E1[accessed October 22 2001]."}],"container-title":["Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcncr.10427","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cncr.10427","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T12:31:02Z","timestamp":1760272262000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cncr.10427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cncr.10427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.10427","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-543X","1097-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-543X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,3,15]]}}}