{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:12:00Z","timestamp":1785888720537,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,22]],"date-time":"2003-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reduction of cumulative exposure to endogenous ovarian steroid hormones is a postulated method for reducing the risk of carcinoma of the breast and other malignancies. Although there are data from trials evaluating the effect of low\u2010fat and high\u2010fiber diets on sex hormone levels in premenopausal women, to the authors' knowledge none of these trials has combined a relatively large number of participants, follow\u2010up of &gt; 2\u20133 months, parallel controls receiving a usual diet, and careful timing of blood sampling within the menstrual cycle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 213 healthy women, ages 20\u201340 years, were randomly assigned to follow their usual diet or to adopt an isocaloric diet with goals of 20% calories as fat, total fiber of 25 g\/day, and at least 8 fruit or vegetable servings per day. Serum levels of total estradiol (E2), sex hormone\u2010binding globulin (SHBG), non\u2010SHBG\u2010bound estradiol (NSBE2), SHBG, and progesterone were evaluated during a menstrual cycle at baseline, and at 4 cycles (C4) and 12 cycles (C12) after the start of the intervention. Serum was collected during each test cycle 7\u20139 days after the detection of an luteinizing hormone peak in the urine. One hundred eighty\u2010nine women provided serum at C4 and 176 women at C12.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum E2 decreased by an average of 7.5% or 7.8 pg\/mL (95% confidence interval [95% CI], \u221216.0\u20130.04) at C12 in the intervention group, versus a decrease of 0.9% or 0.9 pg\/mL (95% CI, \u22129.5\u20137.7) in the control group (the <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> value for the difference between the treatment groups was 0.25). Results for NSBE2 were very similar to those for total estradiol. There were no material effects found to result from intervention with regard to SHBG or progesterone. The results did not differ by baseline age, body mass index, or baseline hormone level above or below the median, and were not likely to be affected by weight change, which amounted to a mean loss of only 0.23 kg in the diet group versus a gain of 0.17 kg in the control group. The decrease in serum E2 associated with intervention was not greater when subjects were stratified by self\u2010reported adherence to the dietary goals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of the current study suggest that the effects of this isocaloric low\u2010fat, high\u2010fiber diet pattern on circulating ovarian steroids were modest or nonexistent. However, the observed 7.5% reduction in estradiol could have biologic significance if it persisted over many years. Moreover, underestimation of the true dietary effect could have occurred because of incomplete adherence to assigned diets. Weight loss and weight control through midlife could be a more effective and feasible approach to dietary intervention in reducing the risk of breast carcinoma. Cancer 2003. \u00a9 2003 American Cancer Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,24]],"date-time":"2003-10-24T05:10:10Z","timestamp":1066972210000},"page":"1870-1879","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["The effects of a low\u2010fat\/high\u2010fiber diet on sex hormone levels and menstrual cycling in premenopausal women"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Gann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Chatterton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Gapstur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Garside","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Giovanazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Thedford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Van Horn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00115638"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519009085798"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.6.529"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1981.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","first-page":"120","article-title":"Evaluation of a semiquantitative urinary LH assay for ovulation detection","volume":"35","author":"Chiu TT","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Fertil"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(89)90298-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531248"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198212163072502"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.3.787","article-title":"Effect of diet on the plasma levels, metabolism, and excretion of estrogens","volume":"48","author":"Goldin BR","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","first-page":"2606","article-title":"Free fatty acid concentrations correlated with the available fraction of estradiol in human plasma","volume":"46","author":"Bruning PF","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1997.348"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Effect of low\u2010fat diet on female sex hormone levels","volume":"79","author":"Ingram DM","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19890152"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","first-page":"623","article-title":"Effect of a low\u2010fat diet on hormone levels in women with cystic breast disease. 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