{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T12:54:28Z","timestamp":1761742468305,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,9]],"date-time":"2004-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combinations of cytotoxic chemotherapy with estramustine phosphate (EMP), a nornitrogen mustard\u2010estrogen conjugate, are used to treat patients with hormone\u2010refractory prostate carcinoma (HRPC). However, thromboembolic events (TE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, stroke, myocardial infarction, and arterial thrombosis, are significant toxicities of these regimens. The current study sought to establish the rate of TE and to determine risk factors for TE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>A MEDLINE\u2010based search identified EMP\u2010based clinical trials published in the English\u2010language peer\u2010reviewed literature after 1990 in which \u2265 20 patients with HRPC were enrolled and TE were clearly documented. Patient characteristics and the dose of EMP given were analyzed to determine their association with the rate of TE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010three studies, enrolling a total of 896 patients, were included in the analysis. The overall risk of TE was 0.07 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.05\u20130.11). The risk of DVT was 0.06 (95% CI, 0.04\u20130.09). The risks of all other types of TE were &lt; 0.01. Using univariate logistic regression analysis, the dose of EMP administered, baseline patient age, and baseline prostate\u2010specific antigen level were not found to be associated with the total risk of TE. The rates of total TE and DVT may be inflated because one of the analyzed studies initially had a very high rate of DVT (25%) when compared with the others.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rate of TE in men with HRPC who are treated with EMP\u2010based regimens is significant, but it does not appear to be related to the dose of EMP. Whether TE can be prevented with anticoagulant prophylaxis remains to be determined. Cancer 2004. \u00a9 2004 American Cancer Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,10]],"date-time":"2004-11-10T03:30:00Z","timestamp":1100057400000},"page":"2755-2759","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Thromboembolic events with estramustine phosphate\u2010based chemotherapy in patients with hormone\u2010refractory prostate carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Gregory M.","family":"Lubiniecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesse A.","family":"Berlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel B.","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David 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