{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T19:46:59Z","timestamp":1762458419867,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,24]],"date-time":"2004-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hypervascular nature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is well characterized. Recent data have suggested that thalidomide possesses antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory activity. Therefore, the authors initiated a study to assess the efficacy and toxicity of thalidomide in patients with advanced HCC as primary and secondary endpoints, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inclusion criteria were unresectable HCC with bidimentionally measurable disease, age \u2265 18 years, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status \u2264 2, and adequate organ function. Thalidomide was administered at a starting dose of 200 mg per day in a 100\u2010mg\u2010per\u2010week dose escalation regimen, up to the maximum tolerated dose or to 800 mg per day. Toxicity was monitored according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010six of 27 patients were eligible and assessable for toxicity and response. A median daily dose of 300 mg was achieved. One patient experienced near\u2010complete recovery of \u03b1\u2010fetoprotein levels and a partial radiographic response on computed tomography. Two patients had stable disease during the 16\u2010week study period. The median duration of progression\u2010free survival was 42 days. The overall median survival was 123 days. Fatigue and somnolence were the most common side effects, occurring in 81% and 62% of patients, respectively. No Grade 4 hematologic toxicity was observed. Three patients experienced Grade 4 hepatic toxicity (namely, hyperbilirubinemia).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>With gradual dose escalation, thalidomide was tolerated in most patients with advanced HCC. However, treatment with thalidomide alone was associated with only a modest response in the treatment of HCC. Cancer 2005. \u00a9 2004 American Cancer Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,24]],"date-time":"2004-11-24T13:52:00Z","timestamp":1101304320000},"page":"119-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Phase II study of thalidomide in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Albert Y.","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Brophy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George A.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torunn I.","family":"Yock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Levitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,24]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(01)00486-7"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199903113401001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.21.3227"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908193410802"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505113321910"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","DOI":"10.1097\/00001622-200011000-00009"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.9.4082"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170050106"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199911183412102"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.02.061"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.4.708"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.13.2593"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90187-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505113321903"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501452"},{"volume-title":"SPSS base and advanced statistics. 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