{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T17:07:03Z","timestamp":1760548023284,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,15]],"date-time":"2005-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1113523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Accelerated radiotherapy combined with carbogen and nicotinamide (ARCON) to overcome tumor hypoxia and cell proliferation achieved high tumor control and survival in Phase II studies of patients with advanced head and neck and bladder carcinomas. Thus, morbidity and treatment outcomes from the latter study were analyzed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of ARCON.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute and late morbidity was assessed in 105 patients with high\u2010grade superficial or muscle\u2010invasive bladder carcinoma who were given accelerated radiotherapy (50\u201355 grays in 4 weeks) with carbogen alone or with ARCON. Urinary dysfunction was scored based on daytime frequency, nocturia, incontinence, dysuria, hematuria, and urgency. Bowel morbidity was based on stool frequency and consistency, rectal discharge, blood loss, and medication. Endpoints for treatment outcome were overall survival, disease\u2010free survival, and locoregional control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nearly all patients experienced reduced ability to retain urine beyond 2 hours, although 20\u201330% had almost normal function at night. Incidence of acute moderate or worse dysuria was 41% with ARCON and 56% with carbogen; 96% and 76% of patients, respectively, had bowel frequencies \u2265 3 times per day. By 10\u201312 weeks from the start of radiotherapy, acute reactions returned to baseline levels. At 3 years, the daytime frequency \u2264 2 times per hour was \u2248 75% in both arms. Incidence of severe hematuria (\u2264 25%) and urinary urgency (\u2264 16%) was much lower. No more than 6% of patients had severe bowel morbidity. With most assays, the differences between schedules were not significant either for acute or late morbidity. Local tumor control and survival rates at 3 years were 53% and 43%, respectively, for ARCON, similar to the rates for carbogen alone.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Historical comparisons suggested no overt increase in normal tissue radiosensitivity when adding carbogen and nicotinamide. Although, for some endpoints, the incidence of late sequelae was higher than expected, overall morbidity was no worse than reported by others. The data indicated that ARCON could achieve a therapeutic gain in patients with advanced bladder carcinoma. A Phase III, randomized, multicenter trial is underway currently in the United Kingdom to evaluate these findings. Cancer 2005. \u00a9 2005 American Cancer Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,15]],"date-time":"2005-04-15T16:17:09Z","timestamp":1113581829000},"page":"2287-2297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Acute and late morbidity in the treatment of advanced bladder carcinoma with accelerated radiotherapy, carbogen, and nicotinamide"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Hoskin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele I.","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-52-620-650"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1991.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(91)90002-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(95)02087-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(95)01678-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","first-page":"174","article-title":"ARCON: accelerated radiotherapy with carbogen and nicotinamide","volume":"24","author":"Rojas A","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Radiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","first-page":"469","volume-title":"Progress in radio\u2010oncology","author":"Overgaard J","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1997.372"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(98)00043-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(97)00151-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(01)02678-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(91)90191-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(86)80059-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0936-6555(05)80838-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(95)00022-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02841869609098504"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-65-769-87"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(98)00123-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(89)90026-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/clon.2002.0055"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.1992.70.5.519"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(85)80084-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(91)90006-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Principles and practice of radiation oncology","author":"Perez CA","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1278-3218(97)82941-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(91)90033-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(95)01586-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(96)00541-X"}],"container-title":["Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcncr.21048","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cncr.21048","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T17:57:57Z","timestamp":1760291877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cncr.21048"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,15]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cncr.21048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.21048","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-543X","1097-0142"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0008-543X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1097-0142"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,15]]}}}