{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T20:29:50Z","timestamp":1765484990769,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,14]],"date-time":"2006-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1152835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The familial risk of bladder cancer (BC) is not well understood and, to date, little attention has been paid to the joint effect of smoking and family history in modifying the risk of BC. The authors investigated the role of family history in association with the risk of BC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Case and control probands were identified as part of an on\u2010going BC case\u2013control study. The relative risk associated with a family history of BC was estimated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS.<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 713 cases and 658 controls were included. In a case\u2013control analysis, compared with individuals who never smoked and who had no family history of BC, probands who had smoked and who also had a positive family history were at 5.31\u2010fold increased risk of BC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> for interaction = .04). The 713 case probands and the 658 controls reported 5160 and 4816 first\u2010degree relatives, respectively. Compared with never\u2010smoking relatives who had probands diagnosed with BC at an older age (age &gt;65 years), ever\u2010smoking relatives who had probands diagnosed at a younger age (ages 40\u201365 years) showed a 6.89\u2010fold (95% confidence interval, from 2.25\u2010fold to 21.12\u2010fold) increased risk. Similar results were obtained for the joint effects of family history of BC and smoking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current results indicated that a positive family history of BC may have interacted with smoking habits to increase the risk of BC in the study population. Cancer 2006. \u00a9 2006 American Cancer Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,14]],"date-time":"2006-07-14T16:26:36Z","timestamp":1152894396000},"page":"705-711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Bladder cancer risk as modified by family history and smoking"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret R.","family":"Spitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin P.","family":"Dinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carol J.","family":"Etzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. 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