{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T04:22:05Z","timestamp":1777695725013,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]],"date-time":"2012-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1331510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several lines of evidence support a role for infectious agents in the development of prostate cancer (PCa). In particular, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have been implicated in PCa etiology, and studies have found that the risk of acquiring a STI can be reduced with circumcision. Therefore, circumcision may reduce PCa risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participant data collected as part of 2 population\u2010based case\u2010control studies of PCa were analyzed. Self\u2010reported circumcision status, age at circumcision, and age at first sexual intercourse were recorded along with a history of STIs or prostatitis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risk of PCa by circumcision status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from 1754 cases and 1645 controls were available. Circumcision before first sexual intercourse was associated with a 15% reduction in risk of PCa compared to that of uncircumcised men (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73\u20100.99). This risk reduction was observed for cases with both less aggressive (odds ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.74\u20101.04) and more aggressive (odds ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.66\u20101.00) PCa features.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Circumcision before first sexual intercourse is associated with a reduction in the relative risk of PCa in this study population. These findings are consistent with research supporting the infectious\/inflammation pathway in prostate carcinogenesis. Cancer 2012. \u00a9 2012 American Cancer Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]],"date-time":"2012-03-12T09:00:53Z","timestamp":1331542853000},"page":"4437-4443","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Circumcision and the risk of prostate cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet L.","family":"Stanford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.12.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70422-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1040-8428(94)90020-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.1.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<12::AID-PATH431>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-008-9276-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/jbiol168"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2090"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)01637-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.06.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65517-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0b013e3282f9b3b7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-1167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-10-326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0781"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_2","first-page":"506","article-title":"Prostate cancer and sexually transmitted diseases: a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"37","author":"Taylor ML","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.12.1152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.47.6.450"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.2990170403"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00268-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.2.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.76.6.474"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1175"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_28_2","first-page":"CD003362","article-title":"Male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men","volume":"2009","author":"Siegfried N","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.418"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_2","first-page":"869","article-title":"Case\u2010control studies of prostate cancer in blacks and whites in southern California","volume":"78","author":"Ross RK","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_2","first-page":"1519","article-title":"Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision","volume":"51","author":"Ravich A","year":"1951","journal-title":"N Y State J Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_2","first-page":"881","article-title":"Vasectomy and risk of prostate cancer","volume":"8","author":"Stanford JL","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_2","first-page":"167","article-title":"The role of human herpesvirus 8 in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma","volume":"14","author":"Blauvelt A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Dermatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000144291.05839.a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.20459"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131364.60081.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.10157"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515685"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.036046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197401172900301"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1988.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.04.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906922106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01763-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2005.017442"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000253335.41841.04","article-title":"Prevalence of circumcision and herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in men in the United States: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999\u20102004","volume":"34","author":"Xu F","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1965.tb04294.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/42.3.259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_2","first-page":"173","article-title":"Studies in the epidemiology of prostatic cancer: expanded sampling","volume":"61","author":"Rotkin ID","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rep."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197108)28:2<344::AID-CNCR2820280214>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-011-9785-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1983.tb122467.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2007.029645"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540370042034","article-title":"Circumcision in the United States. Prevalence, prophylactic effects, and sexual practice","volume":"277","author":"Laumann EO","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.pcan.4500810"}],"container-title":["Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcncr.26653","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cncr.26653","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T15:10:37Z","timestamp":1760281837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cncr.26653"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cncr.26653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.26653","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-543X","1097-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-543X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]]}}}