{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T01:54:13Z","timestamp":1775267653990,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,9]],"date-time":"2013-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study was performed to evaluate whether baseline acute and chronic prostate inflammation among men with an initial negative biopsy for prostate cancer (PCa) increased the risk of subsequent PCa detection in a clinical trial with systematic biopsies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective analysis was performed of 6238 men aged 50 years to 75 years with prostate\u2010specific antigen levels between 2.5 ng\/mL and 10 ng\/mL and a prior negative biopsy in the REduction by DUtasteride of PCa Events study who completed a 2\u2010year biopsy. PCa, acute prostate inflammation, and chronic prostate inflammation were assessed by central review. The association between inflammation in baseline prostate biopsies and positive 2\u2010year and 4\u2010year repeat biopsies was evaluated with the chi\u2010square test and logistic regression analysis adjusting for baseline covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute and chronic inflammation and both were detected in 46 baseline biopsies (1%), 3931 baseline biopsies (63%), and 892 baseline biopsies (14%), respectively. Acute and chronic inflammation were found to be significantly associated with each other (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Acute inflammation at baseline biopsy was associated with younger age, lower prostate\u2010specific antigen levels, and a smaller prostate (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.01), whereas chronic inflammation was associated with older age and larger prostate glands (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). At the 2\u2010year biopsy, the prevalence of PCa was 14% (N\u2009=\u2009900 patients). On univariable and multivariable analysis, both acute and chronic inflammation were found to be significantly associated with a lower PCa risk (acute univariable: odds ratio [OR], 0.65 [<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001] and multivariable: OR, 0.75 [<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.012] and chronic univariable: OR, 0.61 [<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001] and multivariable: OR, 0.65 [<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001]). At the time of 4\u2010year biopsy, only acute inflammation was found to be associated with a lower PCa risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Baseline acute and chronic inflammation were both found to be independently associated with a lower PCa risk. From a clinical standpoint, inflammation in negative biopsies for PCa may lower the risk of subsequent PCa detection. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Cancer<\/jats:italic> 2014;120:190\u2013196<\/jats:bold>. \u00a9 2013 American Cancer Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,9]],"date-time":"2013-12-09T09:20:39Z","timestamp":1386580839000},"page":"190-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Baseline prostate inflammation is associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat prostate biopsy: Results from the REDUCE study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Daniel M.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Arthur Smith Institute for Urology North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System New Hyde Park New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Curtis","family":"Nickel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina"},{"name":"Urology Section Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto L.","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina"},{"name":"Urology Section Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham North Carolina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald L.","family":"Andriole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramiro","family":"Castro\u2010Santamaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline Inc Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Research and Development Unit King of Prussia Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Freedland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery Duke University School of Medicine Durham North Carolina"},{"name":"Urology Section Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham North Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Duke University School of Medicine Durham North 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