{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T02:59:31Z","timestamp":1789700371907,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,10]],"date-time":"2014-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence regarding the correlation between smoking and breast cancer among young women is mixed, and previous studies have not assessed whether smoking is associated differentially with risks of the major breast cancer subtypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a population\u2010based, case\u2010control study of 778 women with estrogen receptor (ER)\u2010positive breast cancers and 182 women with ER\u2010negative, progesterone receptor\u2010negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2\u2010negative (triple\u2010negative [TN]), invasive breast cancers ages 20 to 44 years who were diagnosed from 2004 to 2010 in the Seattle\u2010Puget Sound metropolitan area. A control group of 938 cancer\u2010free women also was included. Associations between various aspects of smoking history and the risks of ER\u2010positive and TN breast cancer were assessed using polytomous logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ever\u2010smokers had a 1.3\u2010fold increased risk (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1\u2010fold to 1.7\u2010fold increased risk) of breast cancer overall; and, when stratified by cancer subtype, they had a 1.4\u2010fold increased risk (95% CI, 1.1\u2010fold to 1.8\u2010fold increased risk) of ER\u2010positive breast cancer, but there was no elevation in their risk of TN disease (odds ratio, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.7\u20101.6). Current\/recent smokers with a \u226510 pack\u2010year history of smoking had a 1.6\u2010fold increased risk (95% CI, 1.1\u2010fold to 2.4\u2010fold increased risk) of ER\u2010positive breast cancer but had no increase in their risk of TN breast cancer (odds ratio, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.5\u20101.9).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current results suggested that young women who are current\/recent smokers with high pack\u2010year histories may have an increased risk of ER\u2010positive breast cancer but not TN breast cancer. Although this association was modest, the findings suggest that an increased risk of ER\u2010positive breast cancer may be another health risk incurred by young women who smoke. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Cancer<\/jats:italic> 2014;120:1026\u20131034<\/jats:bold>. \u00a9 <jats:italic>2013 American Cancer Society<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,11]],"date-time":"2014-02-11T18:42:40Z","timestamp":1392144160000},"page":"1026-1034","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Active smoking and the risk of estrogen receptor\u2010positive and triple\u2010negative breast cancer among women ages 20 to 44 years"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Kawai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen E.","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei\u2010Tzu C.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher I.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. 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