{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:17:11Z","timestamp":1781608631575,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,24]],"date-time":"2014-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retinoblastoma has a 5\u2010year survival rate exceeding 95%, yet little is known about long\u2010term functional outcomes for these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty\u2010nine adult survivors of retinoblastoma (mean age, 33 years; mean years post\u2010diagnosis, 31) who had enrolled in the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study completed clinical cognitive evaluations and questionnaires assessing adult social attainment. Scores on all cognitive measures were converted to <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010scores (M\u2009=\u20090, SD\u2009=\u20091) using age\u2010adjusted normative data. Multivariable linear regression analyses, adjusted for age at diagnosis and disease laterality, were used to examine associations between disease and treatment exposures and cognitive outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retinoblastoma survivors performed within normative expectations across most cognitive domains. In multivariable models, adjusted for disease laterality, survivors diagnosed at \u22641 year of age performed significantly better on measures of short\u2010term verbal memory (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.87, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.01), long\u2010term verbal memory (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.66, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.02), verbal learning (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.67, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.02), and verbal reasoning abilities (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.79, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.01) compared with survivors diagnosed at &gt;1 year of age. In multivariable models, restricted to bilateral survivors and adjusted for age at diagnosis, whole brain radiation exposure was significantly associated with poorer performance on tasks of short\u2010term verbal memory (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.003, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.03) and long\u2010term verbal memory (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.003, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.01). Reported social attainment was consistent with adult developmental expectations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adult survivors of retinoblastoma demonstrate few cognitive or social attainment deficits decades following diagnosis and treatment. Findings suggest the potential for neural reorganization following early insult to the visual system as well as vulnerability of the developing brain to low dose radiation exposure. Early intervention and rehabilitation will be important for these patients. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Cancer<\/jats:italic> 2015;121:123\u2013131<\/jats:bold>. \u00a9 <jats:italic>2014 American Cancer Society<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,24]],"date-time":"2014-11-24T10:20:42Z","timestamp":1416824442000},"page":"123-131","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Cognitive function and social attainment in adult survivors of retinoblastoma: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Tara M.","family":"Brinkman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis Tennessee"},{"name":"Department of Psychology St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas E.","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenghong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis Tennessee"},{"name":"Department of Surgery St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis Tennessee"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Tennessee Health 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