{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T18:44:28Z","timestamp":1788461068088,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","award":["16H05419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16H05419"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Center Research and Development Fund","award":["26-A-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26-A-21"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008732","name":"Uehara Memorial Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are considered to be potentially malignant mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Clinically relevant GISTs are rare; however, subclinical GISTs (mini\u2010GISTs) (1\u20102\u2009cm) and pathologic GISTs (micro\u2010GISTs) (&lt;1\u2009cm) are frequently reported. Most mini\u2010GISTs and almost all micro\u2010GISTs of the stomach may exhibit benign clinical behavior, and only mini\u2010GISTs with high\u2010risk features may progress. For this review, a provisional algorithm was used to propose diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with small GISTs. Because surgery is the only potentially curative treatment, in its application for small GISTs, the principles of sarcoma surgery should be maintained, and cost effectiveness should be considered. Indications for surgery include GISTs measuring \u22652\u2009cm, symptomatic GISTs, and mini\u2010GISTs with high\u2010risk features (irregular borders, cystic spaces, ulceration, echogenic foci, internal heterogeneity, and tumor progression during follow\u2010up); however, a preoperative pathologic diagnosis is infrequently obtained. For small intestinal and colorectal GISTs, surgery is indicated irrespective of size because of their greater malignant potential. Otherwise, mini\u2010GISTs without high\u2010risk features, micro\u2010GISTs, and small submucosal tumors measuring &lt;5\u2009cm without high\u2010risk features may be followed by periodical endoscopic ultrasonography. Although surgical approaches and operative methods are selected according to tumor size, location, growth pattern, and surgical teams, laparoscopic surgery has produced similar oncologic outcomes and is less invasiveness compared with open surgery. After resection, pathologic examination for diagnosis and risk assessment is mandatory, and genotyping is also recommended for high\u2010risk GISTs. Endoscopic resection techniques, although feasible, are not routinely indicated for most mini\u2010GISTs or micro\u2010GISTs.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>Cancer<\/jats:italic>\n                      2016;122:3110\u20138\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    . \u00a9 2016 The Authors.\n                    <jats:italic>Cancer<\/jats:italic>\n                    published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of\n                    <jats:italic>American Cancer Society<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution\u2010NonCommercial\u2010NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non\u2010commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T14:05:03Z","timestamp":1470146703000},"page":"3110-3118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Diagnostic and treatment strategy for small gastrointestinal stromal tumors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Toshirou","family":"Nishida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery National Cancer Center Hospital Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research and 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