{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:17:17Z","timestamp":1789949837413,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN261201100008C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN261201100008C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two large\u2010scale prostate cancer screening trials using prostate\u2010specific antigen (PSA) have given conflicting results in terms of the efficacy of such screening. One of those trials, the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, previously reported outcomes with 13 years of follow\u2010up. This study presents updated findings from the PLCO trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PLCO trial randomized subjects from 1993 to 2001 to an intervention or control arm. Intervention\u2010arm men received annual PSA tests for 6 years and digital rectal examinations for 4 years. This study used a linkage with the National Death Index to extend mortality follow\u2010up to a maximum of 19 years after randomization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Men were randomized to the intervention arm (n\u2009=\u200938,340) or the control arm (n\u2009=\u200938,343). The median follow\u2010up time was 14.8 years (25th\/75th, 12.7\/16.5 years) in the intervention arm and 14.7 years (25th\/75th, 12.6\/16.4 years) in the control arm. There were 255 deaths from prostate cancer in the intervention arm and 244 deaths from prostate cancer in the control arm; this meant a rate ratio (RR) of 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87\u20101.24). The RR for all\u2010cause mortality was 0.977 (95% CI, 0.950\u20101.004). It was estimated that 86% of the men in the control arm and 99% of the men in the intervention arm received any PSA testing during the trial, and the estimated yearly screening\u2010phase PSA testing rates were 46% and 84%, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extended follow\u2010up of the PLCO trial over a median of 15 years continues to indicate no reduction in prostate cancer mortality for the intervention arm versus the control arm. Because of the high rate of control\u2010arm PSA testing, this finding can be viewed as showing no benefit of organized screening versus opportunistic screening. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Cancer<\/jats:italic> 2017;123:592\u2013599.<\/jats:bold> \u00a9 <jats:italic>2016 American Cancer Society<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,1]],"date-time":"2016-12-01T10:31:04Z","timestamp":1480588264000},"page":"592-599","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":206,"title":["Extended mortality results for prostate cancer screening in the PLCO trial with median follow\u2010up of 15 years"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Paul F.","family":"Pinsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip C.","family":"Prorok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barnett S.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Gohagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Disease Prevention, National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. David","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Grubb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald L.","family":"Andriole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program. SEER cancer statistics review (CSR) 1975\u20102013.http:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/csr\/1975_2013\/. 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