{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:46:29Z","timestamp":1790786789438,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]],"date-time":"2017-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and subtypes of non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Associations with other cancers are not established. The authors systematically assessed associations between HCV infection and cancers in the US elderly population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a registry\u2010based case\u2010control study using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)\u2010Medicare data in US adults aged \u226566 years. Cases (n\u2009=\u20091,623,538) were patients who had first cancers identified in SEER registries (1993\u20102011). Controls (n\u2009=\u2009200,000) were randomly selected, cancer\u2010free individuals who were frequency\u2010matched to cases on age, sex, race, and calendar year. Associations with HCV (documented by Medicare claims) were determined using logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>HCV prevalence was higher in cases than in controls (0.7% vs 0.5%). HCV was positively associated with cancers of the liver (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]\u2009=\u200931.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 29.0\u201034.3), intrahepatic bile duct (aOR, 3.40; 95% CI, 2.52\u20104.58), extrahepatic bile duct (aOR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.41\u20102.57), pancreas (aOR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.09\u20101.40), and anus (aOR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.42\u20102.73); nonmelanoma nonepithelial skin cancer (aOR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.15\u20102.04); myelodysplastic syndrome (aOR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.33\u20101.83); and diffuse large B\u2010cell lymphoma (aOR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.34\u20101.84). Specific skin cancers associated with HCV were Merkel cell carcinoma (aOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.30\u20102.85) and appendageal skin cancers (aOR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.29\u20103.16). Inverse associations were observed with uterine cancer (aOR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.51\u20100.80) and prostate cancer (aOR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.66\u20100.82). Associations were maintained in sensitivity analyses conducted among individuals without documented alcohol abuse, cirrhosis, or hepatitis B or human immunodeficiency virus infections and after adjustment for socioeconomic status. Associations of HCV with other cancers were not observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>HCV is associated with increased risk of cancers other than HCC in the US elderly population, notably bile duct cancers and diffuse large B\u2010cell lymphoma. These results support a possible etiologic role for HCV in an expanded group of cancers. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Cancer<\/jats:italic> 2017;123:1202\u20131211.<\/jats:bold> \u00a9 <jats:italic>2016 American Cancer Society<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]],"date-time":"2017-01-24T12:00:16Z","timestamp":1485259216000},"page":"1202-1211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Hepatitis <scp>C<\/scp> virus infection and the risk of cancer among elderly <scp>US<\/scp> adults: A registry\u2010based case\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"123","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1285-3310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parag","family":"Mahale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Rockville Maryland"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrys A.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Infection Control, and Employee Health The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u2010Yu","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruosha","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics The University of Texas School of Public Health Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas School of Public Health Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Engels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Rockville Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-1133"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-9505"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840360621"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.08.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biological agents. 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