{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:43:26Z","timestamp":1760316206749,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During the 3 centuries reviewed herein, all that was known regarding cancer was limited to Italy, France, Germany, and England. Practically nothing was written about cancer in the rest of the known world, including the newly discovered geographic areas in the Americas, Africa, and Australia. The 7 pioneer physicians considered in this review lived through some of the most turbulent geopolitical, social, and religious upheavals that Europe had experienced during the Renaissance. Despite their diverse social, political, and religious backgrounds and disparate personalities, they were united in their commitment to the advancement of medicine and oncology and to spreading knowledge through printed texts. Collectively, they established the groundwork for modern anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pathology, surgical oncology, and chemotherapy. It perhaps is noteworthy that 5 of the 7 physicians who contributed the most to the advancement of surgery and surgical oncology served in various wars as army surgeons. Considering everything together, the refusal of physicians of this epoch to use the microscope is a historical enigma. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Cancer<\/jats:italic> 2017;123:1888\u20131897<\/jats:bold>. \u00a9 <jats:italic>2017 American Cancer Society<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]],"date-time":"2017-01-31T11:13:54Z","timestamp":1485861234000},"page":"1888-1897","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pathfinders in oncology from the end of the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 19th century"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Steven I.","family":"Hajdu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Consultants Westlake Village  California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29955"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","first-page":"178","article-title":"The use of tobacco","volume":"40","author":"Hajdu SI","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"Persecution of noted physicians and medical scientists","volume":"37","author":"Hajdu SI","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"volume-title":"An Introduction to the History of Medicine","year":"1929","author":"Garrison FH","key":"e_1_2_5_5_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25825"},{"volume-title":"The Life of Paracelsus","year":"1911","author":"Soddart AM","key":"e_1_2_5_7_1"},{"volume-title":"Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance","year":"1958","author":"Pagel W","key":"e_1_2_5_8_1"},{"volume-title":"Four Treatises of Theophrastus von Hohenheim Called Paracelsus","year":"1941","author":"Singerist HE","key":"e_1_2_5_9_1"},{"volume-title":"Grosse Wund Artzney von allen Wunden, Stich, Schussz, Brand, Bissz, Beynbruch, und alles was die Wundartzney begreifft","year":"1536","author":"Paracelsus TPAB","key":"e_1_2_5_10_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-192705000-00025","volume-title":"Four Thousand Years of Pharmacy","author":"LaWall CH","year":"1927"},{"volume-title":"De Grandibus, de Compositionibus, et Dosibus Receptorum ac Naturalium Libri Septem","year":"1562","author":"Paracelsus TPAB","key":"e_1_2_5_12_1"},{"volume-title":"Pathfinders in Medicine","year":"1929","author":"Robinson V","key":"e_1_2_5_13_1"},{"volume-title":"A History of Medicine","year":"1954","author":"Major RH","key":"e_1_2_5_14_1"},{"volume-title":"De Abditis Rerum Causis Libri Duo","year":"1548","author":"Fernel J","key":"e_1_2_5_15_1"},{"volume-title":"Medicina","year":"1554","author":"Fernel J","key":"e_1_2_5_16_1"},{"volume-title":"Morbis Universalibus et Particularibus, Pathologiae","year":"1567","author":"Fernel J","key":"e_1_2_5_17_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"226","article-title":"A note from history: the first pathology book and its author","volume":"34","author":"Hajdu SI","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","first-page":"1928","volume-title":"Die Lehre von der Krebskrankheit von den Altesten Zeiten bis zur Gegenwart","author":"Wolff J","year":"1907"},{"volume-title":"The Endeavour of Jean Fernel","year":"1946","author":"Sherrington CS","key":"e_1_2_5_20_1"},{"volume-title":"Histoire de la Medicine","year":"1931","author":"Castiglioni A","key":"e_1_2_5_21_1"},{"volume-title":"Ambroise Pare and His Times","year":"1897","author":"Paget S","key":"e_1_2_5_22_1"},{"volume-title":"The Peaks of Medical History","year":"1926","author":"Dana CL","key":"e_1_2_5_23_1"},{"volume-title":"La Method de Traicter les Playes Faictes par Hacquebutes et aultres Bastons a Feu","year":"1545","author":"Pare A","key":"e_1_2_5_24_1"},{"volume-title":"Dix Livres de la Chirurgie avec le Magasin de Instruments Necessaires a Icelle","year":"1564","author":"Pare A","key":"e_1_2_5_25_1"},{"volume-title":"An Epitome of the History of Medicine","year":"1899","author":"Park R","key":"e_1_2_5_26_1"},{"volume-title":"Les Oeuvres de M. 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