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If an infectious agent is implicated, then elevated risk would be expected among immunosuppressed individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>By using population\u2010based registry linkage information from the US Transplant Cancer Match and human immunodeficiency virus\/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV\/AIDS) Cancer Match studies, the authors examined the risk of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) among immunocompromised transplantation recipients and HIV\u2010infected individuals. In addition, the risks of oropharyngeal SCC (strongly related to human papillomavirus infection; modestly affected by immunosuppression), other tobacco\/alcohol\u2010related oral cavity SCCs (not thought to be infection\/immunosuppression\u2010related), and non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma of oral cavity\/pharynx (strongly related to Epstein\u2010Barr virus; profoundly affected by immunosuppression) were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with the general population, the risk of non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma was strongly increased (standardized incidence ratio [SIR]\u2009&gt;\u20098.0). The risk of all SCCs was modestly and similarly elevated among transplantation recipients (SIR range, 2.2\u20102.7; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>heterogeneity<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u2009.2); whereas, among HIV\u2010infected individuals, the risk of oral tongue SCC was higher compared with the risk of other SCCs (SIR, 3.0 vs 1.7 [for oropharyngeal SCCs] and 2.3 [for other oral cavity SCCs]; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>heterogeneity<\/jats:sub>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001). The risk of SCCs was significantly higher among men, older individuals, and whites; and risk increased with the time since transplantation\/AIDS onset. The risk of oral tongue SCC was significantly higher among HIV\u2010infected men who have sex with men compared with the average risk in HIV\u2010infected individuals (adjusted incidence rate ratio\u2009=\u20092.0).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Similar modest increases in the risk of oral tongue and other oral cavity SCCs do not suggest that an infectious agent or exposure profoundly affected by immunosuppression underlies the increase in oral tongue cancer. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Cancer<\/jats:italic> 2018;124:2515\u201022.<\/jats:bold> \u00a9 <jats:italic>2018 American Cancer Society<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]],"date-time":"2018-04-12T08:07:47Z","timestamp":1523520467000},"page":"2515-2522","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Risk of oral tongue cancer among immunocompromised transplant recipients and human immunodeficiency virus\u2010infected individuals in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1941-7685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph E.","family":"Tota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Rockville Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Engels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Rockville Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret M.","family":"Madeleine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina A.","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention Institute of California Fremont California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles F.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1017-9473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana P.","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center San Juan Puerto Rico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda Y.","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii Honolulu Hawaii"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil K.","family":"Chaturvedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute Rockville Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Cigarette smoking among adults and trends in smoking cessation\u2010United States, 2008","volume":"58","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 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