{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T05:48:21Z","timestamp":1772603301127,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01CA152939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01CA152939"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000321","name":"World Cancer Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2009\/93"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009\/93"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006958","name":"U.S. Census Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006958","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous research suggests that Adventists, who often follow vegetarian diets, live longer and have lower risks for many cancers than others, but there are no national data and little published comparative data for black subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study compared all\u2010cause mortality and cancer incidence between the nationally inclusive Adventist Health Study 2 (AHS\u20102) and nonsmokers in US Census populations: the National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS) and its Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results substudy. Analyses used proportional hazards regression adjusting for age, sex, race, cigarette smoking history, and education.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All\u2010cause mortality and all\u2010cancer incidence in the black AHS\u20102 population were significantly lower than those for the black NLMS populations (hazard ratio [HR] for mortality, 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59\u20100.69; HR for incidence, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68\u20100.88). When races were combined, estimated all\u2010cause mortality was also significantly lower in the AHS\u20102 population at the age of 65\u00a0years (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.64\u20100.69) and at the age of 85\u00a0years (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.75\u20100.81), as was cancer mortality; this was also true for the rate of all incident cancers combined (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.67\u20100.74) and the rates of breast, colorectal, and lung cancers. Survival curves confirmed the mortality results and showed that among males, AHS\u20102 blacks survived longer than white US subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Substantially lower rates of all\u2010cause mortality and cancer incidence among Adventists have implications for the effects of lifestyle and perhaps particularly diet on the etiology of these health problems. Trends similar to those seen in the combined population are also found in comparisons of black AHS\u20102 and NLMS subjects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]],"date-time":"2019-11-25T03:03:17Z","timestamp":1574650997000},"page":"1102-1111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Lower rates of cancer and all\u2010cause mortality in an Adventist cohort compared with a US Census population"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"126","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5577-3524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary E.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health Loma Linda University Loma Linda California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candace M.","family":"Cosgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Census Bureau Washington DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Mashchak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health Loma Linda University Loma Linda California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Orlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition, Healthy Lifestyle and Disease Prevention, School of Public Health Loma Linda University Loma Linda California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean F.","family":"Altekruse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention and Population Sciences Program, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195113242.001.0001","volume-title":"Diet, Life Expectancy, and Chronic Disease: Studies of Seventh\u2010Day Adventists and Other Vegetarians","author":"Fraser GE","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.13.1645"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009697"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030622"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.6473"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071233"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute.National Longitudinal Mortality Study (NLMS) and the Linked SEER\u2010NLMS Database. 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