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Ultrasonography, positron emission tomography scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging were introduced, and adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy after limited surgery became routine procedures. Radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry techniques were standardized. The announcement in England and the United States that tobacco is a potent lung carcinogen was long delayed, important news. The US Cancer Act of 1971 made it possible to experiment with newly discovered drugs, transfer promising therapeutic agents from the laboratory to the clinic, and finance randomized clinical trials. Oncologists achieved a series of successes with combination chemotherapy in childhood cancers, adult lymphomas, and testis tumors. Clinical trials demonstrated that breast\u2010conserving therapy is as effective as mastectomy. The discovery of retroviruses, reverse transcriptase, and vascular endothelial growth factor was coupled with learning about oncogenes. The 2\u2010hit theory and the reciprocal translocation of chromosomes helped to solve some of the riddles of oncogenesis. The staging classification of cancers by the American Joint Committee on Cancer unified clinical and pathologic handling and prognostication of malignant tumors. The progress made in oncology between 1962 and 1977 came about through the dedicated work of many individuals. However, there were 9 pathfinders (3 medical oncologists, 2 surgeons, 1 medical nuclear physicist, 1 pediatrician geneticist, 1 hematologist geneticist, and 1 virologist) who, despite their diverse backgrounds, personalities, and interest, made extraordinary contributions to oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T10:30:04Z","timestamp":1620642604000},"page":"2828-2854","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pathfinders in oncology from the time the causal relation between tobacco use and lung cancer was established to publication of the first Cancer Staging Manual by the American Joint Committee on Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Steven I.","family":"Hajdu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Consultants Westlake Village California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"The Cambridge World History of Human Diseases","year":"1999","author":"Kiple KE","key":"e_1_2_14_2_1"},{"volume-title":"The Timechart History of Medicine","year":"1999","author":"Davies G","key":"e_1_2_14_3_1"},{"volume-title":"Morton's Medical Biography","year":"1991","author":"Norman JM","key":"e_1_2_14_4_1"},{"volume-title":"Contrary to Nature: Being an Illustrated Commentary on Come Persons and Events of Historical Importance in the Development of Knowledge Concerning\u2026 Cancer","year":"1977","author":"Shimkin MB","key":"e_1_2_14_5_1"},{"volume-title":"From Demons and Evil Spirits to Cancer Genes","year":"2000","author":"Fitzgerald PJ","key":"e_1_2_14_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0470015535"},{"volume-title":"The Emperor of All Maladies","year":"2010","author":"Mukherjee S","key":"e_1_2_14_8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/97816080581431140101"},{"volume-title":"Women in Medicine","year":"1996","author":"Garza H","key":"e_1_2_14_10_1"},{"volume-title":"Nobels: Nobel Laureates Photographed by Peter Badge","year":"2008","author":"Badge P","key":"e_1_2_14_11_1"},{"volume-title":"Rebels, Mavericks, and Heretics in Biology","year":"2010","author":"Harman OS","key":"e_1_2_14_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28319"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29365"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29955"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30590"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31135"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32086"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32839"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33223"},{"volume-title":"Smoking and Health: A Report of the Royal College of Physicians of London on Smoking in Relation to Cancer of the Lung and Other Diseases","year":"1962","author":"Royal College of Physicians of London","key":"e_1_2_14_21_1"},{"volume-title":"Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. 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