{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:15:41Z","timestamp":1789038941316,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chemotherapy\u2010induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) includes negative sensations that remain a major chronic problem for cancer survivors. Previous research demonstrated that neurofeedback (a closed\u2010loop brain\u2013computer interface [BCI]) was effective at treating CIPN versus a waitlist control (WLC). The authors' a priori hypothesis was that BCI would be superior to placebo feedback (placebo control [PLC]) and to WLC in alleviating CIPN and that changes in brain activity would predict symptom report.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomization to one of three conditions occurred between November 2014 and November 2018. Breast cancer survivors no longer in treatment were assessed at baseline, at the end of 20 treatment sessions, and 1 month later. Auditory and visual rewards were given over 20 sessions based on each patient's ability to modify their own electroencephalographic signals. The Pain Quality Assessment Scale (PQAS) at the end of treatment was the primary outcome, and changes in electroencephalographic signals and 1\u2010month data also were examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The BCI and PLC groups reported significant symptom reduction. The BCI group demonstrated larger effect size differences from the WLC group than the PLC group (mean change score: BCI vs. WLC, \u22122.60 vs. 0.38; 95% confidence interval, \u22123.67, \u22121.46 [<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.000; effect size, 1.07]; PLC, \u22122.26; 95% confidence interval, \u22123.33, \u22121.19 [<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.001 vs. WLC; effect size, 0.9]). At 1 month, symptoms continued to improve only for the BCI group. Targeted brain changes at the end of treatment predicted symptoms at 1 month for the BCI group only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>BCI is a promising treatment for CIPN and may have a longer lasting effect than placebo (nonspecific BCI), which is an important consideration for long\u2010term symptom relief. Although scientifically interesting, the ability to separate real from placebo treatment may not be as important as understanding the placebo effects differently from effects of the intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Plain Language Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>\n<jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Chemotherapy\u2010induced nerve pain (neuropathy) can be disabling for cancer survivors; however, the way symptoms are felt depends on how the brain interprets the signals from nerves in the body.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>We determined that the perception of neuropathy can be changed by working directly with the brain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>Survivors in our trial played 20 sessions of a type of video game that was designed to change the way the brain processed sensation and movement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<jats:list-item><jats:p>In this, our second trial, we again observed significant improvement in symptoms that lasted after the treatment was complete.<\/jats:p><\/jats:list-item>\n<\/jats:list>\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T11:08:26Z","timestamp":1695294506000},"page":"300-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Brain\u2013computer interface relieves chronic chemotherapy\u2010induced peripheral neuropathy: A randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"130","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3078-4558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Prinsloo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Medicine The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ted J.","family":"Kaptchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"De Ridder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurosurgery Department of Surgical Sciences University of Otago  Dunedin New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall","family":"Lyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mount Mercy University  Cedar Rapids Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8745-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Bruera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Medicine The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3452-8423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diane","family":"Novy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain Medicine The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos H.","family":"Barcenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Medical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4372-9208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo G.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation, and Integrative Medicine The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston Texas 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