{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T11:11:08Z","timestamp":1780657868091,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Historical redlining, a 1930s residential segregation policy, has been associated with shorter breast cancer survival. It is unknown whether this disparity has changed over time, given the time since redlining increases and subsequent breast cancer advances have occurred. This study evaluated whether associations between historical redlining and all\u2010cause survival of breast cancer have changed from 1995 to 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This New York State Cancer Registry\u2013based cohort included 135,827 patients with breast cancer who were diagnosed between 1995 and 2019 and resided in a historically graded census tract at diagnosis. Cases were assigned a historical redlining grade (range, A\u2013D) and divided into 5\u2010year diagnostic time periods. Cox models estimated associations with survival. Multiplicative interaction between redlining grade and period tested temporal effects. Models were stratified by stage, hormone receptor status, and race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A significant time interaction with historical redlining for survival was found (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0001). Survival disparities for D grade versus A grade were largest in 1995\u20131999 (hazard ratio [HR],\u00a01.75; 95% CI, 1.55\u20131.98) and lowest in 2005\u20132009 (HR,\u00a01.48; 95% CI, 1.32\u20131.66). Redlining associations for local and regional tumors were largest in 1995\u20131999 and attenuated over time. Redlining was generally not associated with survival among distant tumors. D\u2010grade versus A\u2010grade survival disparities grew over time among patients with hormone receptor\u2013positive tumors. Significant temporal effects were detected among all race\/ethnicity groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Associations between historical redlining and breast cancer survival have changed over time, with disparities generally narrowing. Results stratified by stage and hormone receptor status suggest that such disparities reflect differential access to advances in breast cancer treatment across time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.70230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T08:04:46Z","timestamp":1770624286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of time on associations between historical redlining and breast cancer survival"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3758-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health School of Public Health and Health Professions University at Buffalo  Buffalo New York USA"},{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0419-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tia M.","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health School of Public Health and Health Professions University at Buffalo  Buffalo New York USA"},{"name":"Policy Research Solutions LLC (PRESTO)  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4935-7484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics School of Public Health and Health Professions University at Buffalo  Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4056-5124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furrina F.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Cancer Epidemiology Division of Chronic Disease Prevention, New York State Department of Health  Albany New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4725-2515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tabassum Z.","family":"Insaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bureau of Cancer Epidemiology Division of Chronic Disease Prevention, New York State Department of Health  Albany New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University at Albany  Albany New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4400-0216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen C. 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