{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T12:28:56Z","timestamp":1786796936000,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical studies have shown that outcomes of patients with prostate cancer could vary depending on race. In this study, the authors sought to determine if the treatment effect of apalutamide, an androgen receptor pathway inhibitor (ARPI), on overall survival (OS) varies depending on the race of the patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This pooled analysis includes individual patient data from two phase 3 trials, TITAN and SPARTAN, which randomized patients to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0apalutamide in metastatic hormone\u2010sensitive and nonmetastatic castration\u2010resistant prostate cancer, respectively. Race was self\u2010identified and categorized as Asian, Black, White, and Others categories. The authors applied a stratified (stratification for the trial) multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model to determine heterogeneity of treatment effect on OS after adjustment for age, performance status, body mass index, T\u2010 and N\u2010stage, Gleason score, comorbidities, and exposure to statins and metformin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 2190 patients were included: 16.9% patients were Asian, 3.7% were Black, 67.4% were White, and 12.0% were from the Others category. The authors did not find any significant heterogeneity of treatment effect from apalutamide on OS across racial groups (interaction\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.46). Among ADT plus apalutamide\u2010treated patients, there was no association of race with OS (hazard ratio for Asian, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.56\u20131.06]; Black, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.49\u20131.37]; and Others, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.75\u20131.34], all compared to White).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, the authors did not find any evidence of difference in the treatment effect of apalutamide on OS across patients of different races, although interpretation remains limited by poor representation of racial minorities. Among apalutamide\u2010treated patients, there was no association of race with OS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.70236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T16:44:02Z","timestamp":1766249042000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of race and survival in patients treated with apalutamide: Pooled analysis of two phase 3 trials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"132","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4085-6415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georges","family":"Gebrael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia K.","family":"Morgans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dana\u2010Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7779-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr","given":"Randy","family":"Vince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umang","family":"Swami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela Y.","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Zaorsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chadi Hage","family":"Chehade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeynep Irem","family":"Ozay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute University of Utah  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5497-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre University of Ottawa  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6568-3346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott C.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre University of Ottawa  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5990-4026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J. D.","family":"Wallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mount Sinai Hospital University Hospitals Network University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar U.","family":"Kishan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Los Angeles  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro C.","family":"Barata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Sarah Cannon Research Institute  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge A","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6225-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason R.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Small","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neal D.","family":"Shore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolina Urologic Research Center  Myrtle Beach South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5973-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Spratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6617-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumyajit","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2021.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.01.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emph\/eoab018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078\u20100432.CCR\u201021\u20102577"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aja202320"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.0826"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.26546"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pkaa034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.03488"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.03.309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33589"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391\u2010023\u201000710\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055\u20109965.EPI\u201019\u20101616"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.50416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2024.04.004"}],"container-title":["Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cncr.70236","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cncr.70236","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cncr.70236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T12:22:41Z","timestamp":1786796561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cncr.70236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cncr.70236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.70236","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-543X","1097-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-543X","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70236"}}