{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T15:03:37Z","timestamp":1770822217260,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,22]],"date-time":"2010-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1277164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Cytopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are limited studies investigating the cytopathology of HIV\u2010related breast disease. The aim of the current study was to evaluate a large series of fine needle aspirations (FNA) performed on breast lesions in HIV\u2010positive patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective review at the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) in Johannesburg, South Africa, was performed on confirmed HIV\u2010positive patients who underwent breast FNA. Cases were evaluated for patient age and sex, presence of a clinical breast lesion, antiretroviral therapy use, specimen adequacy, and cytologic diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 152 breast FNA procedures were recorded in patients of average age 36 years (range, 10\u201064 years). Cytologic findings in 100 females patients included 28 inadequate aspirates, 29 cases with a benign diagnosis, 25 abscesses, 3 with reactive intramammary lymphadenopathy, 3 with fat necrosis, 1 galactocele, 1 papillary lesion, 8 breast carcinomas, and 2 non\u2010Hodgkin lymphomas. Fifty\u2010two males underwent breast FNA, of which 6 were inadequate, and 43 (82.7%) showed gynecomastia. In 17 (40%) males with gynecomastia, a history of antiretroviral therapy was recorded. Two males were diagnosed with breast abscess and 1 with Kaposi sarcoma. Microbiology culture revealed 7 <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> infections in this patient population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title><jats:p>FNA is a procedure to evaluate breast lesions and is capable of rendering results useful for a broad range of diagnoses likely to be encountered in an human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2010positive population. Unlike HIV\u2010infected females who may present with a wide range of benign and neoplastic breast entities, HIV\u2010positive males may have breast lesions that will most likely be attributed to gynecomastia associated with antiretroviral therapy. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010. \u00a9 2010 American Cancer Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.20083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,22]],"date-time":"2010-06-22T09:54:17Z","timestamp":1277200457000},"page":"218-224","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Fine needle aspiration of breast masses in HIV\u2010infected patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Pam","family":"Michelow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce J","family":"Dezube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liron","family":"Pantanowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2303.1998.00142.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2303.2001.00331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350400900416","article-title":"Gynaecomastia in HIV\u2010infected males on highly active retroviral therapy: association with efavirenz and didanosine treatment","volume":"9","author":"Mira J","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antivir Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4741.2003.09210.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/343045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.20784"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4741.2002.08409.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","unstructured":"Department of Health [South Africa].2008National Antenatal Sentinel HIV & Syphilis Prevalence Survey.http:\/\/www.doh.gov.za\/docs\/nassps\u2010f.html. Accessed in January 2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60916-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","first-page":"392","article-title":"HIV and the breast","volume":"15","author":"Gewurz B","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS Read."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1075-122X.2004.21392.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350400900416","article-title":"Gynaecomastia in HIV\u2010infected males on highly active antiretroviral therapy: association with efavirenz and didanosine treatment","volume":"9","author":"Mira JA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antiv Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Essentials in Cytopathology","author":"Ali S","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4102\/sajhivmed.v10i4.264","article-title":"Lipodystrophy syndrome in HIV\u2010infected children on HAART: clinical","volume":"10","author":"Innes S","year":"2009","journal-title":"South Afr J HIV Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000328467"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.4.692"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.01.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/108729103322555935"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.142.9.881"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","first-page":"147","article-title":"Periareolar breast abscess due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an HIV antibody positive male","volume":"70","author":"Higgins S","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genitourin Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4741.2007.00401.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2008.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190500084175"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","first-page":"37","article-title":"Extranodal presentation in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome non\u2010Hodgkin's lymphoma (AIDS\u2010NHL): clinical","author":"Barnardt P","year":"2005","journal-title":"South Afr J HIV Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/108729100318019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32831a7259"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.20171"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","first-page":"71","article-title":"Breast cancer in a woman with HIV\/AIDS: case report and review of literature","volume":"12","author":"Ashraff Z","year":"2007","journal-title":"J HIV Ther."}],"container-title":["Cancer Cytopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcncy.20083","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cncy.20083","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T20:12:14Z","timestamp":1760299934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cncy.20083"}},"subtitle":["Results from a large series"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,25]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cncy.20083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncy.20083","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1934-662X","1934-6638"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1934-662X","type":"print"},{"value":"1934-6638","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,16]]}}}