{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T05:58:37Z","timestamp":1769752717623,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]],"date-time":"2013-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Cytopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cytologists must learn how to discriminate cells that might be visually very similar but have different neoplastic potential. The mechanism by which trainees learn this task is poorly researched and is the focus of the current investigation. Cognitive science offers a theoretical platform from which to design meaningful experiments that could lead to novel training strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The interpretation of a cell image is a category\u2010discrimination task, and the process by which discrimination improves with practice is called perceptual learning. The study authors operationalized this concept by training 150 naive observers on paired cell images without providing explicit tuition, employing cervical cytology as a model system. Six strategies were tested, which differed according to the diagnostic category and level of interpretive difficulty of each image. Participants were tested before and after training to determine the extent to which visual learning had occurred.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnostic accuracy improved for participants who were trained on normal\/abnormal image pairs in which at least one member of the pair was \u201ceasy\u201d to interpret (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). Training was not effective when image pairs were drawn from the same diagnostic category or when both members of the pair were \u201cdifficult\u201d to interpret (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Training on paired cell images without explicit tuition can be an efficient and effective means of visual learning in cytopathology, but only if care is taken to avoid image pairs from category boundaries. Training on same\u2010category image pairs is ineffective. This study is a step toward the development of perceptual learning modules for cytopathology. <jats:bold><jats:italic>Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol)<\/jats:italic> 2014;122:200\u2013210<\/jats:bold>. \u00a9 <jats:italic>2013 American Cancer Society<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.21370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]],"date-time":"2013-11-18T22:10:18Z","timestamp":1384812618000},"page":"200-210","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Untutored discrimination training on paired cell images influences visual learning in cytopathology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Evered","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cervical Screening Wales Cardiff United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology Cardiff Metropolitan University Cardiff United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darren","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology Cardiff Metropolitan University Cardiff United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew A.","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology Cardiff Metropolitan University Cardiff United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Perham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology Cardiff Metropolitan University Cardiff United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"The Handbook of Medical Image Perception and Techniques","author":"Nodine C","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5295.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2008.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2737"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0048826"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856896X00051"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2004.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01158"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206848"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/287043a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.11.4966"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/46027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Pathology","author":"Evered A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"108","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Biomedical Science","author":"Evered A","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(96)00036-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/387401a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.21263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2007.02914.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Categorical Perception","author":"Pastore RE.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1894649"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0021986"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206801"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.25.2.543"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1166301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/12.13.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-8765.2009.01053.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","first-page":"1183","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 38th Annual Meeting","author":"Kellman PJ","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2004.836793"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","first-page":"187","volume-title":"The Handbook of Medical Image Perception and Techniques","author":"Tourassi G","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195503"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","first-page":"483","volume-title":"Discovering Statistics Using SPSS","author":"Field A","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","volume-title":"Sheffield, UK: NHS Cervical Screening Programme. (NHSCSP Publication 12); 1995. Level 3 Diploma in Cervical Cytology Centre Resource Pack","author":"Qualifications and training for non\u2010medical laboratory staff","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/9.3.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/4.12.2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/4.3.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)01091-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(06)00217-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.24.14085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(99)00140-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(95)00669-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000269"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968312457826"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HTR.0000336844.99079.2c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2011.613451"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2013-0093-CP"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2303.2010.00758.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/09674845.2005.11732709","article-title":"What can cytologists learn from 25 years of investigations in visual search?","volume":"62","author":"Evered A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2010-0739-OA"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Investigation of the visual cytoscreening of conventional gynecologic smears. I. Analysis of slide movement","volume":"8","author":"Schenck U","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anal Quant Cytol Histol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","first-page":"210","article-title":"Investigation of the visual cytoscreening of conventional gynecologic smears. II. Analysis of eye movement","volume":"8","author":"Reuter B","year":"1986","journal-title":"Anal Quant Cytol Histol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.07.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365250a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PolatU SagiD.Spatial interactions in human vision: From near to far via experience\u2010dependent cascades of connections.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1994;91:1206\u20101209.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.4.1206"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","article-title":"Response feedback triggers long\u2010term consolidation of perceptual learning independently of performance gains","volume":"12","author":"Dobres J","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/87505"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2012"}],"container-title":["Cancer Cytopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcncy.21370","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cncy.21370","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T15:29:06Z","timestamp":1760282946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cncy.21370"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cncy.21370"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncy.21370","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1934-662X","1934-6638"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1934-662X","type":"print"},{"value":"1934-6638","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,18]]}}}