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However, it is currently unclear how best to use cytological examinations for assessment and early detection of recurrence, beyond identifying a positive finding that requires more invasive methods to confirm recurrence and decide on therapeutic options. Because screening programs are frequent, and can be burdensome, finding quantitative means to reduce this burden for patients, cytopathologists, and urologists is an important endeavor and can improve both the efficiency and reliability of findings. Additionally, identifying ways to risk\u2010stratify patients is crucial for improving quality of life while reducing the risk of future recurrence or progression of the cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, a computational machine learning tool, AutoParis\u2010X, was leveraged to extract imaging features from urine cytology examinations longitudinally to study the predictive potential of urine cytology for assessing recurrence risk. This study examined how the significance of imaging predictors changes over time before and after surgery to determine which predictors and time periods are most relevant for assessing recurrence risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results indicate that imaging predictors extracted using AutoParis\u2010X can predict recurrence as well or better than traditional cytological\/histological assessments alone and that the predictiveness of these features is variable across time, with key differences in overall specimen atypia identified immediately before tumor recurrence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Further research will clarify how computational methods can be effectively used in high\u2010volume screening programs to improve recurrence detection and complement traditional modes of assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.22725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T07:59:51Z","timestamp":1687766391000},"page":"561-573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Examining longitudinal markers of bladder cancer recurrence through a semiautonomous machine learning system for quantifying specimen atypia from urine cytology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"131","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8050-1291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua J.","family":"Levy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Diagnostic and Investigative Technologies Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center  Lebanon New Hampshire USA"},{"name":"Department of Dermatology Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center  Lebanon New Hampshire USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine  Hanover New Hampshire USA"},{"name":"Program in Quantitative Biomedical Sciences Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine  Hanover New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natt","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Quantitative Biomedical Sciences Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine  Hanover New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2181-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Marotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Diagnostic and Investigative Technologies Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center  Lebanon New Hampshire USA"},{"name":"Dartmouth College Geisel School of Medicine  Hanover New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie J.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Diagnostic and Investigative Technologies Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center  Lebanon New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. 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