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This work describes the central location of immunoreactive MCH perikarya and their projections to the pituitary in a range of ancestral fish to determine the phylogenetic stage when the peptide adopted these roles. In all actinopterygians examined, including polypteriformes, chondrosteans, holosteans, and teleosts, immunoreactive fibers were abundant in the median eminence or, in the case of teleosts, within the pars distalis itself, suggesting MCH acquired a hypophysial regulatory role early in vertebrate evolution. MCH fibers appeared to be absent from the posterior neurohypophysis of the polypteriform <jats:italic>Calamoichthys<\/jats:italic> but were evident in this region in the chondrostean <jats:italic>Acipensor<\/jats:italic>, the holosteans <jats:italic>Lepisosteus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Amia<\/jats:italic>, and all teleosts, suggesting its use as a neurohypophysial hormone. The ability of MCH to induce skin pallor seems to have arisen at a later stage, probably in the preholosteans. This hormonal role coincides with the migration of MCH perikarya away from the ventricular surface and their enlargement into magnocellular neurones. In the higher teleosts, magnocellular hypothalamo\u2010neurohypophysial neurones predominate in size and number, whereas smaller periventricular MCH neurones associated with the paraventricular organ, that are prominent in lampreys, early actinopterygians and tetrapods, are reduced in teleosts. The data suggest that, in teleost fish, earlier functions of the peptide may have become subordinate to its novel pigmentary role. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:99\u2013114, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T16:27:19Z","timestamp":1030292839000},"page":"99-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Neuronal organization of the melanin\u2010concentrating hormone system in primitive actinopterygians: Evolutionary changes leading to teleosts"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"442","author":[{"given":"Bridget I.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(86)90119-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"ArcherZ.1996.The effect of adaptation to black and white backgrounds on melanin\u2010concentrating hormone neurones in the brain ofCichlasoma nigrofasciatum. 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