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One suggested mechanism through which estrogen facilitates lordosis is by remodeling synaptic connectivity within the VMH. For instance, estrogen alters VMH dendritic spine density. Little is known, however, about the local VMH microcircuitry governing lordosis nor how estrogen alters synaptic connectivity within this local circuit to facilitate sexual behavior. The goal of this study was to define better the neuron types within the VMH microcircuitry and to examine whether estrogen alters synaptic connectivity, as measured by dendritic spine density, on VMH projection neurons. A retrograde tracer was injected into the PAG of ovariectomized rats treated with vehicle or estradiol. Retrogradely labeled VMH neurons were filled with Lucifer yellow, then immunostained for estrogen receptor\u2010\u03b1 (ER\u03b1). VMH neurons that project to the PAG had more dendrites than functionally unidentified neurons. Additionally, VMH projection neurons could be subdivided into those located within the cluster of ER\u03b1\u2010containing neurons and those medial to the cluster. Estrogen decreased spine density by 57% on the long primary dendrites of VMH projection neurons located within the ER\u03b1 cluster but not on projection neurons medial to the cluster. Only 4% of the VMH projection neurons expressed ER\u03b1. These results suggest that estrogen may facilitate sexual behavior by decreasing spines selectively, via an indirect mechanism, on a subset of VMH neurons that project to the PAG. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:234\u2013248, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T23:45:33Z","timestamp":1030319133000},"page":"234-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Estrogen\u2010induced dendritic spine elimination on female rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurons that project to the periaqueductal gray"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"447","author":[{"given":"Lyngine H.","family":"Calizo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loretta 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