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Postmortem material taken from 10 subjects (five male and five female), between 20 and 39 years of age, was investigated. In addition, three age\u2010matched subjects with abnormal levels of estrogens were studied: a castrated, estrogen\u2010treated 50\u2010year\u2010old male\u2010to\u2010female transsexual (T1), a 31\u2010year\u2010old man with an estrogen\u2010producing tumor (S2), and an ovariectomized 46\u2010year\u2010old woman (S8). A strong sex difference, with more nuclear ER\u03b1\u2010ir in women, was observed rostrally in the diagonal band of Broca and caudally in the medial mamillary nucleus. Less robust sex differences were observed in other brain areas, with more intense nuclear ER\u03b1\u2010ir in men, e.g., in the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus, and lateral hypothalamic area, whereas women had more nuclear ER\u03b1\u2010ir in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and ventromedial nucleus. No nuclear sex differences in ER\u03b1 were found, e.g., in the central part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. In addition to nuclear staining, ER\u03b1\u2010ir appeared to be sex\u2010dependently present in the cytoplasm of neurons and was observed in astrocytes, plexus choroideus, and other non\u2010neuronal cells. ER\u03b1\u2010ir in T1, S2, and S8 suggested that most of the observed sex differences in ER\u03b1\u2010ir are \u201cactivational\u201d (e.g., ventromedial nucleus\/medial mamillary nucleus) rather than \u201corganizational.\u201d Species similarities and differences in ER\u03b1\u2010ir distribution and possible functional implications are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 454:115\u2013139, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]],"date-time":"2002-11-01T14:15:20Z","timestamp":1036160120000},"page":"115-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Estrogen receptor\u2010\u03b1 distribution in the human hypothalamus in relation to sex and endocrine status"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"454","author":[{"given":"Frank P.M.","family":"Kruijver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rawien","family":"Balesar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Espila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Unga A.","family":"Unmehopa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dick F.","family":"Swaab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-02-00497.1989","article-title":"Two sexually dimorphic nuclei in the human brain","volume":"9","author":"Allen LS","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903020402","article-title":"Sex differences in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis of the human brain","volume":"302","author":"Allen LS","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10401239609147750"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(99)00020-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.4.605"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199905)26:3<260::AID-GLIA7>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2001.00598.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(99)01392-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(98)00041-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290050236","article-title":"Estrogen and the developing mammalian brain","volume":"199","author":"Beyer C","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anat Embryol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.131.3.1336"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.1993.tb00364.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)91219-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902120203","article-title":"Cytoarchitectonic sexual dimorphisms of the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas in the guinea pig, rat, hamster and mouse","author":"Bleier R","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990322)405:4<529::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4133","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-11-04133.1992","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the vertebrate nervous system","volume":"12","author":"Breedlove SM","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02458-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.2001.1680"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5347"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-03-01027.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000054518"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/13453"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1998.0171"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.3.307","article-title":"Estrogen as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. 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