{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:18:30Z","timestamp":1791220710981,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,19]],"date-time":"2003-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1045612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine precisely the brain areas from which descending neurons (DNs) originate, we examined the distribution of somata and dendrites of DNs in the cockroach brain by retrogradely filling their axons from the cervical connective. At least 235 pairs of somata of DNs were stained, and most of these were grouped into 22 clusters. Their dendrites were distributed in most brain areas, including lateral and medial protocerebra, which are major termination areas of output neurons of the mushroom body, but not in the optic and antennal lobes, the mushroom body, the central complex, or the posteroventral part of the lateral horn. The last area is the termination area of major types of olfactory projection neurons from the antennal lobe, i.e., uni\u2010 and macroglomerular projection neurons, so these neurons have no direct connections with DNs. The distribution of axon terminals of ascending neurons overlaps with that of DN dendrites. We propose, based on these findings, that there are numerous parallel processing streams from cephalic sensory areas to thoracic locomotory centers, many of which are via premotor brain areas from which DNs originate. In addition, outputs from the mushroom body, central complex, and posteroventral part of the lateral horn converge on some of the premotor areas, presumably to modulate the activity of some sensorimotor pathways. We propose, based on our results and documented findings, that many parallel processing streams function in various forms of reflexive and relatively stereotyped behaviors, whereas indirect pathways govern some forms of experience\u2010dependent modification of behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 458:158\u2013174, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,21]],"date-time":"2003-02-21T13:59:18Z","timestamp":1045835958000},"page":"158-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Distribution of dendrites of descending neurons and its implications for the basic organization of the cockroach brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"458","author":[{"given":"Ryuichi","family":"Okada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Midori","family":"Sakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Mizunami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.11.2309","article-title":"Comparison of early nerve cord development in insects and vertebrates","volume":"126","author":"Arendt D","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90753-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00603661"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","volume-title":"The neural basis of motor control","author":"Brooks VB","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5830","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-18-05830.1996","article-title":"Cellular organization of an antennal mechanosensory pathway in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana","volume":"16","author":"Burdohan JA","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Neuroethology: nerve cells and the natural behavior","author":"Camhi JM","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(00)00051-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8303280","article-title":"Associative odor learning in Drosophila abolished by chemical ablation of mushroom bodies","volume":"263","author":"de Belle JS","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3032.1980.tb00244.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903020420"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903160108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903610206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1052230210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/366059a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2000.83.2.712"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"Neuronal co\u2010processing of course deviation and head movements in locusts. 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