{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:31:38Z","timestamp":1790400698289,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,26]],"date-time":"2003-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1046217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Albino mammals lacking melanin in the embryonic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have abnormal retinal decussation patterns at the optic chiasm: their uncrossed projections are smaller and arise from fewer, more peripheral temporal retinal ganglion cells than in con\u2010specific wild\u2010types. To determine whether these abnormalities generalize to nonmammalian mutants, we used anterograde and retrograde labeling methods to compare the distribution of retinal projections to the thalamus in adult normal and albino <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> frogs. In both pigmentation phenotypes, crossed retinal terminations covered \u223c80% of the neuropil of Bellonci (nB) and corpus geniculatum thalamicum (cgt) and uncrossed inputs occupied, respectively, approximately 75% and 25% of these two main visual centers. In the wild\u2010type frogs and in the albinos, ganglion cells giving rise to the crossed projections were distributed throughout the retina, whereas ipsilaterally projecting cells were confined to a specific ventrotemporal retinal division. This region comprised \u223c40% of the total retinal area, was bordered by a well\u2010defined line of decussation, and contained an average of \u223c3,000 ipsilaterally projecting ganglion cells of equivalent soma sizes in the two pigmentation phenotypes. In summary, we found no evidence of chiasmatic misrouting in the uncrossed retinothalamic projections of albino <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic>, even though these pathways are substantial in normal frogs and share features in common with mammalian retinogeniculate projections. Our findings suggest that congenital RPE melanin deficiency results in major defects in the development of the retina and its central projections only in mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 458:425\u2013439, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,18]],"date-time":"2003-03-18T23:13:35Z","timestamp":1048029215000},"page":"425-439","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Normal chiasmatic routing of uncrossed projections from the ventrotemporal retina in albino <i>Xenopus<\/i> frogs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"458","author":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Grant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Kennard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903300108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800005794"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(83)90093-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-12-05277.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903050211","article-title":"Evaluation of the influence of optic stalk melanin on the chiasmatic pathways in the developing rodent visual system","volume":"305","author":"Collelo RJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901870205"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(72)90002-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"430","article-title":"Asymmetric visually evoked potentials in human albinos: evidence for visual system anomalies","volume":"13","author":"Creel DJ","year":"1974","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1984.0087"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/251505a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1985.0021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.19.6716"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(84)90040-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(83)90480-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90542-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(90)90307-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-11-07024.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Ocular migration and the metamorphic and post\u2010metamorphic maturation of the retinotectal system in Xenopus laevis: an autoradiographic and morphometric study","volume":"92","author":"Grant S","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Embryol Exp Morphol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095252380118209X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(69)90213-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90750-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(86)90115-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90527-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00346289","article-title":"The distribution of intercellular gap junctions in the developing retina and pigment epithelium of Xenopus laevis","volume":"150","author":"Hayes BP","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anat Embryol (Berl)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","first-page":"253","article-title":"The development of animals homozygous for a mutation causing periodic albinism (ap) in Xenopus laevis","volume":"34","author":"Hoperskaya OA","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Embryol Exp Morphol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902430409"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-04-00911.1985","article-title":"Development of the ipsilateral retinothalamic projection in the frog Xenopus laevis. 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