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Neurol. 209:352\u2013362; Stelzner and Strauss [<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#bib85\">1986<\/jats:ext-link>] J. Comp. Neurol. 245:83\u2013103). To determine whether axonal sprouting is a prerequisite for regeneration, the frog <jats:italic>Litoria moorei<\/jats:italic> was examined, a species that undergoes successful optic nerve regeneration but with a different time course compared with <jats:italic>R. pipiens<\/jats:italic>. Sprouting was assessed, as in goldfish and <jats:italic>R. pipiens<\/jats:italic>, from electron microscopic counts between the lesion and chiasm. However, disconnected axons that persist after axotomy would have falsely elevated the counts. The suspected overlap of these two axon populations was confirmed by labeling regenerate axons anterogradely with DiI (1,1\u2032\u2010dioctadecyl\u20103,3,3\u2032,3\u2032\u2010tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) and disconnected ones retrogradely with DiA (4\u20104\u2010dihexadecylaminostyrl 1\u2010N methylpyridinium iodide). Numbers of disconnected axons were estimated after preventing regeneration and subtracted from numbers in regenerate nerves. Throughout, the total number of regenerate axons was approximately one third lower than normal (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) supporting a previous finding of minimal axonal sprouting in <jats:italic>L. moorei<\/jats:italic> (Dunlop et al. [2002] J. Comp. Neurol. 446:276\u2013287). The validity of the subtractive electron microscopic method was confirmed by retrograde labeling to estimate numbers of retinal ganglion cells whose axons had crossed the lesion; values were approximately one third lower than normal. The data suggest that sprouting is not essential for either axon outgrowth or topographic map refinement. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:319\u2013334, 2003. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,5]],"date-time":"2003-09-05T14:45:57Z","timestamp":1062773157000},"page":"319-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Axonal sprouting in the optic nerve is not a prerequisite for successful regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"465","author":[{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Dunlop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.04-10-02635.1984","article-title":"Recovery of the ipsilateral projection following nerve crush in the frog: evidence that retinal afferents make synapses at abnormal tectal locations","volume":"4","author":"Adamson J","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197304000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Contralateral trigeminal nerve lesion reduces polyneuronal innervation after facial nerve repair in rats","volume":"11","author":"Angelov DN","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(91)90380-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.11.2165"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800003692"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(86)90003-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1131"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.104.2.317","article-title":"Divergent axon collaterals in the regenerating goldfish optic tract: a fluorescence double\u2010label study","volume":"104","author":"Becker DL","year":"1988","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"312","article-title":"Brief seizure episodes induce long\u2010term potentiation and mossy fibre sprouting in the hippocampus","volume":"13","author":"Ben\u2010An Y","year":"1990","journal-title":"TINS"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902840109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1979.59.1.62","article-title":"Regeneration of monoaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the mammalian central nervous system","volume":"59","author":"Bjorklund A","year":"1979","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(71)90631-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(86)90158-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"517","article-title":"Regeneration of peripheral unmyelinated nerves. 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