{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:46:36Z","timestamp":1791305196883,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,12]],"date-time":"2003-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1071187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies of human brain indicate that both the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) may be dysfunctional in major depressive illness, making it important to understand the functional interactions between these brain regions. Anatomical studies have shown that the PFC projects to the DRN, although the synaptic targets of this excitatory pathway have not yet been identified. Electrophysiological investigations in the rat DRN report that most serotonin neurons are inhibited by electrical stimulation of the PFC, suggesting that this pathway is more likely to synapse onto neighboring \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons than onto serotonin cells. We tested this hypothesis by electron microscopic examination of DRN sections dually labeled for biotin dextran amine anterogradely transported from the PFC and immunogold\u2010silver labeling for tryptophan hydroxylase (TrH) or for GABA. In the DRN, the majority of PFC axons either synapsed onto unlabeled dendrites or failed to form detectable synapses in single sections. Other PFC axons synapsed onto either TrH\u2010 or GABA\u2010immunolabeled processes. Considerably more tissue sampling was necessary to detect PFC synapses onto TrH\u2010 than onto GABA\u2010labeled dendrites, suggesting that the latter connections are more common. In other cases, PFC terminals and TrH\u2010 or GABA\u2010immunoreactive dendrites either were closely apposed, without forming detectable synapses, or were separated by glial processes. These results provide potential anatomical substrates whereby the PFC can both directly and indirectly regulate the activity of serotonin neurons in the DRN and possibly contribute to the pathophysiology of depression. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:518\u2013529, 2004. \u00a9 2003 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,16]],"date-time":"2003-12-16T09:00:41Z","timestamp":1071565241000},"page":"518-529","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":163,"title":["Prefrontal cortical projections to the rat dorsal raphe nucleus: Ultrastructural features and associations with serotonin and \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid neurons"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"468","author":[{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan 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