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In the CNS of both species, the distribution pattern of HA\u2010immunoreactive (HA\u2010IR) neurons was similar. In both species the majority were located in the buccal, cerebral, and pedal ganglia. In<jats:italic>Helix<\/jats:italic>, \u223c400 HA\u2010IR neurons were seen, whereas in<jats:italic>Lymnaea<\/jats:italic>\u223c130 labeled cells were visualized. The neuropils, connectives, commissures, several peripheral nerves, and a part of the peripheral tissues (lip and foot of both species and the upper tentacles of<jats:italic>Helix<\/jats:italic>) were innervated by HA\u2010IR elements. Numerous sensory cells were found in the tentacles, lip, and statocysts. The HA concentration values assayed by HPLC ranged from 4.8 to 47.4 pmol\/mg in the different central ganglia of<jats:italic>Helix<\/jats:italic>, and from 4.3 to 18.6 pmol\/mg in<jats:italic>Lymnaea<\/jats:italic>CNS, whereas the peripheral tissues contained 0.33\u20131 pmol\/mg HA in<jats:italic>Helix<\/jats:italic>and 0.26\u20130.46 pmol\/mg in<jats:italic>Lymnaea<\/jats:italic>. In the<jats:italic>Lymnaea<\/jats:italic>CNS, a high\u2010affinity (37.6 \u03bcM), single component<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H\u2010HA uptake system was demonstrated.<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>H\u2010HA release evoked by either electrical stimulation or 100 mM K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>could be prevented in Ca<jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\u2010free physiological solution. Voltage\u2010clamp experiments indicated specific changes caused by HA in the membrane conductance of identified central neurons of<jats:italic>Helix<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Lymnaea<\/jats:italic>. Exogenously applied 10<jats:sup>\u20105<\/jats:sup>M HA resulted in the acceleration of locomotion (gliding by foot cilia) of<jats:italic>Lymnaea<\/jats:italic>. The findings suggest an important signaling role of HA, described here for the first time, in the nervous system of higher\u2010order, pulmonate, gastropods, involving efferent, integrative, and sensory functions. The data can also be applied as a background for further specification of HA in the regulation of different behaviors in these species. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:391\u2013405, 2004. \u00a9 2004 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,18]],"date-time":"2004-06-18T20:03:31Z","timestamp":1087589011000},"page":"391-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Histaminergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of gastropods (<i>Helix, Lymnaea<\/i>): An immunocytochemical, biochemical, and electrophysiological 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