{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T03:49:19Z","timestamp":1784173759251,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,22]],"date-time":"2006-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1158883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The vertebrate circadian system is composed of multiple inputs, oscillators, pacemakers, and outputs. In birds, the pineal gland and retinae have been defined as pacemakers within this system. Evidence for a third, hypothalamic pacemaker is abundant. It has been presumed that this pacemaker is homologous to the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Two candidate structures have been referred to as the avian SCN\u2014the medial SCN (mSCN) and the visual SCN (vSCN). Previously, we suggested that both structures are involved in a \u201csuprachiasmatic complex.\u201d To further explore evidence for an avian SCN, the present study employed several classical techniques to assess intrinsic characteristics of the mSCN and vSCN in the chicken. First, analysis of mSCN and vSCN cytoarchitecture indicated that the mSCN is similar in location and cell population to the mammalian SCN, while the vSCN is more similar in terms of its shape. Second, intravitreal injections of tritiated proline were used to identify hypothalamic retinal terminals. The findings support previous studies identifying the vSCN as the primary retinorecipient hypothalamic structure in birds. Third, analysis of mSCN and vSCN chemoarchitecture suggests that both the mSCN and vSCN display similarity to the mammalian SCN, which displays significant interspecies variation. Finally, a unique astrocytic bridge between the mSCN and vSCN is demonstrated, suggesting that astrocytes play a role within the suprachiasmatic nuclei of birds, similar to the situation in mammals. Our previously presented working model of the avian suprachiasmatic complex is updated to include these data. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:442\u2013457, 2006. \u00a9 2006 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,22]],"date-time":"2006-09-22T21:55:32Z","timestamp":1158962132000},"page":"442-457","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: II. Autoradiographic and immunohistochemical analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"499","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth L.","family":"Cantwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent M.","family":"Cassone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02890-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10109"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","volume-title":"Comparative vertebrate endocrinology","author":"Bentley PJ","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)01987-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00215312","article-title":"Retinohypothalamic pathway in the duck (Anas platyrhynchos)","volume":"168","author":"Bons N","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20935"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902060407"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90240-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902840110"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902660204"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873048800300106"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00188110"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000113553"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(83)90040-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90099-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01342667"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"88","volume-title":"Comparative aspects of circadian clocks","author":"Ebihara S","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4179(93)90086-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","first-page":"2483","article-title":"Control of choroidal blood flow by the nucleus of Edinger\u2010Westphal in pigeons: a laser Doppler study","volume":"31","author":"Fitzgerald MEC","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.12.3891"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00056-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90361-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(82)90189-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(85)90037-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00225448"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730404268786"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199604)244:4<552::AID-AR13>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.11.5962"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(88)90558-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903320304"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-193612000-00041"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)40653-4","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a new pancreatic polypeptide hormone","volume":"250","author":"Kimmel JR","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91245-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90848-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","volume-title":"A stereotaxic atlas of the brain of the chick (Gallus domesticus)","author":"Kuenzel WJ","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(95)00039-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1142"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-06-01626.1987","article-title":"Circadian rhythmicity restored by neural transplant. Immunocytochemical characterization of the graft and its integration with the host brain","volume":"6","author":"Lehman MN","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.71030920.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90737-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.1995.tb00669.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01148312"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1999.277.5.R1418"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(73)90226-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(73)90431-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","first-page":"343","volume-title":"Biological rhythms and their central mechanism","author":"Moore RY","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Organization of the primate circadian system","volume":"8","author":"Moore RY","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903440306"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(72)90054-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90188-7","article-title":"Visual pathways and the central neural control of a circadian rhythm in pineal serotonin N\u2010acetyltransferase activity","volume":"10","author":"Moore RY","year":"1974","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901460102"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90120-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","first-page":"382","article-title":"A retinohypothalamic projection in the rat","volume":"169","author":"Moore RY","year":"1971","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00216511"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-002-0575-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-06-02015.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000116493"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318456"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/24.3.701"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(81)90115-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(78)90197-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00214550"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.09.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20779"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199410270-00049"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90036-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2305266"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"Central neural circuits controlling choroidal blood flow: a laser\u2010Doppler study","volume":"31","author":"Reiner A","year":"1990","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-0102(84)90031-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.887940"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901890109"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)91041-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(84)90459-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800002376"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00612570"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990111)403:2<190::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91517-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.69.6.1583"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.02-06-00815.1982","article-title":"Role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the circadian system of the house sparrow","volume":"2","author":"Takahashi JS","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00305779"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_82_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characterization of the sheep suprachiasmatic nucleus","volume":"2","author":"Tillet Y","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90254-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-07-02648.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01172-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/273769a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/074873000129001422"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5466.682"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2001.280.4.R1185"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcne.21124","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.21124","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T05:30:26Z","timestamp":1700026226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cne.21124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,22]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,20]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cne.21124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.21124","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9967","1096-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9967","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,22]]}}}