{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T11:36:43Z","timestamp":1771069003781,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,9]],"date-time":"2007-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1178668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>One strategy for spinal cord repair after injury that has moved quickly from the research laboratory to the clinic is the implantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). These unique glial cells of the olfactory system have been associated with axonal remyelination and regeneration after grafting into spinalized animals. Despite these promising observations, there remains a lack of direct empirical evidence of the exact fate of OECs after intraspinal implantation, in large part because of a surprising paucity of defined biomarkers that unequivocally distinguish these cells from phenotypically similar Schwann cells. Here we provide direct neurochemical proof that OECs, both in vitro and in vivo, express smooth muscle \u03b1\u2010actin. That OECs synthesize this contractile protein (and a variety of actin\u2010binding proteins including caldesmon) provides compelling evidence that these cells are, in fact, quite different from Schwann cells. The identification of several smooth muscle\u2010related proteins in OECs points to a new appreciation of the structural and functional features of this population of olfactory glia. These biomarkers can now be used to elucidate the fate of OECs after intraspinal implantation, in particular assessing whether smooth muscle \u03b1\u2010actin\u2010expressing OECs are capable of facilitating axon remyelination and regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:209\u2013223, 2007. \u00a9 2007 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,9]],"date-time":"2007-05-09T15:51:58Z","timestamp":1178725918000},"page":"209-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Olfactory ensheathing cells express smooth muscle \u03b1\u2010actin in vitro and in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"503","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Jahed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. Gordon","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Doucette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Kawaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.1994.1051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90953-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10160"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2004.00257.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.8.1581"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10298"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Expression of desmin gene in skeletal and smooth muscle by in situ hybridization using a human desmin gene probe","volume":"22","author":"Bolmont C","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0303842101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2833rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20299"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2000.17.781"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902150403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)91182-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00562-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490350307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440100408"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440130206"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3126-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00267827"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1996.0027"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199607)17:3<217::AID-GLIA4>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(92)90104-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200401031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"463","article-title":"The intermediate filament complement of the spectrum of nerve sheath neoplasms","volume":"55","author":"Gould VE","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200401249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(77)90703-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20443"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-16-06176.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00213742"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(200005)30:3<209::AID-GLIA1>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-006-0238-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-24-10514.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091830107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-08-02433.1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001310208"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.1043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.102.1.252"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.440050405"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00484.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0214fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20049"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00971.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80905-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000209000.32857.1b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1998-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4644(199702)64:2<295::AID-JCB12>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.103.6.2787"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.0021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2002.7936"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(19990201)25:3<256::AID-GLIA6>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20000717)423:1<13::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90499-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10577"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.10171"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(84)90092-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20149"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcne.21385","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.21385","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]],"date-time":"2023-11-15T16:43:45Z","timestamp":1700066625000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cne.21385"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,9]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cne.21385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.21385","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9967","1096-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9967","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,9]]}}}