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Neurological symptoms, including stiff\u2010man syndrome and cerebellar ataxia, can occur in subjects with high levels of GAD autoAbs, particularly when patient sera can immunohistochemically stain \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. However, it was not known if APS1 sera can also stain major monoamine systems in the brain. Therefore, in this work we applied sera from 17 APS1 patients known to contain autoAbs against AADC, TH, TPH, and\/or GAD to rat brain sections and processed the sections according to the sensitive immunohistochemical tyramide signal amplification method. We found that autoAbs in sera from 11 patients were able to stain AADC\u2010containing dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic as well as AADC only (D\u2010group) neurons and fibers in the rat brain, in several cases with a remarkably high quality and sensitivity (dilution up to 1:1,000,000); and, since they are human antibodies, they offer a good opportunity for performing multiple\u2010labeling experiments using antibodies from other species. Six APS1 sera also stained GABAergic neuronal circuitries. Similar results were obtained in the mouse and primate brain. Our data demonstrate that many APS1 sera can immunostain the major monoamine and GABA systems in the brain. Only in a few cases, however, there was evidence that these autoAbs can be associated with neurological manifestations in APS1 patients, as, e.g., shown in previous studies in stiff\u2010man syndrome. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:1\u201320, 2009. \u00a9 2008 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,23]],"date-time":"2008-12-23T14:56:39Z","timestamp":1230044199000},"page":"1-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Autoantibodies in autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I patients react with major brain neurotransmitter systems"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"513","author":[{"given":"Sergue\u00ef O.","family":"Fetissov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Bensing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erwan","family":"Le Maitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna\u2010Lena","family":"Hulting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"Harkany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olov","family":"Ekwall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Sk\u00f6ldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eystein S.","family":"Husebye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaakko","family":"Perheentupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Rorsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olle","family":"K\u00e4mpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"H\u00f6kfelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1297-399"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/40.10.1527370"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199006283222601"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(86)80369-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/347151a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","series-title":"Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Classical transmitters in the CNS, Part I","author":"Bj\u00f6rklund A","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/267368a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.230362997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.43.10.1254"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2184"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"399","volume-title":"General cytochemical methods","author":"Coons AH","year":"1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(02)02753-1"},{"issue":"232","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of monoamine\u2010containing neurons in the central nervous system I. 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