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In this study we examined whether extracellular ATP could contribute to photoreceptor degeneration in rodents through excessive activation of P2 purinoceptors. Intravitreal injection of high concentrations of extracellular ATP into normal rat eyes induced extensive and selective apoptosis of photoreceptors within 18 hours of injection. Five days after injection the outer nuclear layer was severely degenerated and electroretinographic responses were impaired. Preinjection of the purinergic antagonist pyridoxal\u2010phosphate\u20106\u2010azophenyl\u20102\u2032,4\u2032\u2010disulfonic acid (PPADS) protected against ATP\u2010mediated apoptosis. The initial phase of ATP\u2010induced photoreceptor death did not temporally coincide with retinal pigment epithelium degeneration or microglial activation, suggesting that cell death was due to direct activation of purinergic receptors on photoreceptors. Finally, we demonstrate that intravitreal injection of PPADS results in a 30% increase in photoreceptor survival in the <jats:italic>rd1<\/jats:italic> mouse, a model of human recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP). These findings highlight the importance of extracellular ATP in retinal neurodegeneration and provide a potential new avenue for therapeutic intervention in RP. J. Comp. Neurol. 513:430\u2013440, 2009. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]],"date-time":"2009-01-30T22:11:27Z","timestamp":1233353487000},"page":"430-440","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Extracellular ATP induces retinal photoreceptor apoptosis through activation of purinoceptors in rodents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"513","author":[{"given":"Theresa","family":"Puthussery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Cell death in age\u2010related macular degeneration","volume":"5","author":"Adler R","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol 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