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Axotomy was followed by the appearance of galanin<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and calcitonin gene\u2010related peptide (CGRP)<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> sprouts peaking at day 14, matching both large, neuropeptide<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> subpopulations of axotomized facial motoneurons, but with CGRP<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> sprouts considerably rarer. Strong immunoreactivity for vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and retrogradely transported MiniRuby following its application on freshly cut proximal facial nerve stump confirmed their axotomized motoneuron origin; the sprouts expressed CD44 and alpha7beta1 integrin adhesion molecules and grew apparently unhindered along neighboring central white matter tracts. Quantification of the galanin<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> sprouts revealed a stronger response following cut compared with crush (day 7\u201314) as well as enhanced sprouting after recut (day 8 + 6 vs. 14; 14 + 8 vs. 22), arguing against delayed appearance of sprouting being the result of the initial phase of reinnervation. Sprouting was strongly diminished in brain Jun\u2010deficient mice but enhanced in alpha7 null animals that showed apparently compensatory up\u2010regulation in beta1, suggesting important regulatory roles for transcription factors and the sprout\u2010associated adhesion molecules. Analysis of inflammatory stimuli revealed a 50% reduction 12\u201348 hours following systemic endotoxin associated with neural inflammation and a tendency toward more sprouts in TNFR1\/2 null mutants (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 10%) with a reduced inflammatory response, indicating detrimental effects of excessive inflammation. Moreover, the study points to the usefulness of the facial axotomy model in exploring physiological and molecular stimuli regulating central sprouting. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:699\u2013721, 2010. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,14]],"date-time":"2009-10-14T02:19:33Z","timestamp":1255486773000},"page":"699-721","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Peripheral facial nerve axotomy in mice causes sprouting of motor axons into perineuronal central white matter: Time course and molecular characterization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"518","author":[{"given":"Milan","family":"Makwana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Acosta\u2010Saltos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Gonitel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abirami","family":"Pararajasingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crystal","family":"Ruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prakasham","family":"Rumajogee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Cuthill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Galiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Bohatschek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam S.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick N.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gennadij","family":"Raivich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/21.7.1782"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-07-04368.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"80","article-title":"Specific cleavage of the \u03b14 integrin associated with activation of peripheral T lymphocytes","volume":"78","author":"Blue ML","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7764"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2008.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.13.4544"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)61266-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-14-05810.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601292"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.18.6596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.4.2071"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/372560a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21362"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(80)90126-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.123.2.455"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01647.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410100365"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00287-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-07-02179.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490300107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)68549-7","article-title":"Multiple very late antigen (VLA) heterodimers on platelets. 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