{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:04:00Z","timestamp":1790787840324,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,28]],"date-time":"2009-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1256688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The locus coeruleus (LC) is a dense cluster of neurons that projects axons throughout the neuroaxis and is located in the rostral pontine tegmentum extending from the level of the inferior colliculus to the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. LC neurons are lost in the course of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In this study we used Nissl staining and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity to compare the human LC with that of closely related primate species, including great and lesser apes, and macaque monkeys. TH catalyzes the initial and rate\u2010limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis. The number of TH\u2010immunoreactive (TH\u2010ir) neurons was estimated in each species using stereologic methods. In the LC of humans the mean total number of TH\u2010ir neurons was significantly higher compared to the other primates. Because the total number of TH\u2010ir neurons in the LC was highly correlated with the species mean volume of the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and neocortical gray matter, we conclude that much of the observed phylogenetic variation can be explained by anatomical scaling. Notably, the total number of LC neurons in humans was most closely predicted by the nonhuman allometric scaling relationship relative to medulla size, whereas the number of LC neurons in humans was considerably lower than predicted according to neocortex and cerebellum volume. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:963\u2013971, 2010. \u00a9 2009 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,29]],"date-time":"2009-10-29T20:25:27Z","timestamp":1256847927000},"page":"963-971","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Comparative anatomy of the locus coeruleus in humans and nonhuman primates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"518","author":[{"given":"Yukti","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner M.","family":"Graf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Archie","family":"Fobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chet C.","family":"Sherwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Hof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Allman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kebreten F.","family":"Manaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-08-00876.1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.01-08-00887.1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63830-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(00)26013-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00274983"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35016580"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Noradrenergic function in panic disorder","volume":"51","author":"Charney DS","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2446-04.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/219736a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-017922-3.50138-6","volume-title":"Frontiers in catecholamine research","author":"Crow TJ","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2307\/2408678","article-title":"Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap","volume":"39","author":"Crow TJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1983.63.3.844"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/303327"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2005.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.1987.tb02837.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/29.4.6166661"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","volume-title":"Atlas of the human brain","author":"Jurgen MK","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"324","volume-title":"The neurosciences. Second study program","author":"Kety SS","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"183","volume-title":"Phylogeny and development of catecholamine systems in the CNS of vertebrates","author":"Kitahama K","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00134-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91360-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/54.10.B407"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)00481-J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(03)00028-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","unstructured":"MaddisonWP MaddisonDR.2005. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 1.06http:\/\/mesquiteproject.org"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Dopaminergic innervation of primate cerebral cortex. An immunohistochemical study in the Japanese macaque","volume":"14","author":"Maeda T","year":"1995","journal-title":"Monogr Neural Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2003.00350.x","article-title":"The locus coeruleus complex of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) as revealed by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry","volume":"2","author":"Manger PR","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135627"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902430110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-0618(94)90028-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(97)00034-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80637-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(97)00068-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(96)00408-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.10.058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199905140-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(99)00255-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63835-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90159-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2392679"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(88)90007-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(00)00034-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.2.549"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155963"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","volume-title":"Comparative brain research in mammals","author":"Stephan H","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970310)379:2<185::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793106007007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1092310411"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb11410.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcne.22249","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.22249","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T15:01:28Z","timestamp":1700665288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cne.22249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cne.22249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.22249","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9967","1096-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9967","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]}}}