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The paradigm of pavlovian fear conditioning (FC) can be used to address this question, because a discrete region\u2014the lateral amygdala (LA)\u2014has been shown unambiguously to be necessary for the formation of the associative memory between a neutral stimulus (tone [CS]) and a noxious stimulus (foot shock [US]). Acquisition of STM for FC can occur even in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors, indicating that redistribution of pre\u2010existing molecules to synaptic junctions underlies STM. We employed electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to evaluate alterations in the distribution of endogenous AMPAR subunits at LA synapses during the STM phase of FC. Rats were sacrificed 40 minutes following three CS\u2010US pairings. In the LA of paired animals, relative to na\u00efve animals, the proportion of GluR1\u2010AMPAR\u2010labeled synapses increased 99% at spines and 167% in shafts. In the LA of unpaired rats, for which the CS was never associated with the US, GluR1 immunoreactivity decreased 84% at excitatory shaft synapses. GluR2\/3 immunoreactivity at excitatory synapses did not change detectably following paired or unpaired conditioning. Thus, the early phase of FC involves rapid redistribution specifically of the GluR1\u2010AMPARs to the postsynaptic membranes in the LA, together with the rapid translocation of GluR1\u2010AMPARs from remote sites into the spine head cytoplasm, yielding behavior changes that are specific to stimulus contingencies. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4723\u20134739, 2010. \u00a9 2010 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,26]],"date-time":"2010-07-26T20:13:36Z","timestamp":1280175216000},"page":"4723-4739","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Endogenous GluR1\u2010containing AMPA receptors translocate to asymmetric synapses in the lateral amygdala during the early phase of fear memory formation: An electron microscopic immunocytochemical study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"518","author":[{"given":"Hermina","family":"Nedelescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Kelso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"L\u00e1zaro\u2010Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari","family":"Purpura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher K.","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph E.","family":"Ledoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiye","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1135"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903410105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"Use of electron microscopy in the detection of adrenergic receptors","volume":"126","author":"Aoki C","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/89465"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1058"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.30901"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027676"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300297"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3864-08.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.33.4.451"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-7339(07)00007-0","volume-title":"Handbook of anxiety and fFear","author":"Cain CK","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2798-07.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.08.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09273.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077609"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199710)27:2<106::AID-SYN2>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(19990901)33:3<218::AID-SYN6>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903620106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(99)00016-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"420","article-title":"Axo\u2010somatic and axo\u2010dendritic synapses of the cerebral cortex: an electron microscope study","volume":"93","author":"Gray EG","year":"1959","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00668-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5461.2262"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6317","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-17-06317.2000","article-title":"Both protein kinase A and mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase are required in the amygdala for the macromolecular synthesis\u2010dependent late phase of long\u2010term potentiation","volume":"20","author":"Huang YY","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5971-08.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2603-07.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"JohnsonLR HouM AlbertJL FarbCR HofPR LeDouxJ.2001.Quantification of the total neuronal structure of the fear conditioning circuit of the lateral amygdala of the rat. 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