{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:01:43Z","timestamp":1761580903101},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]],"date-time":"2011-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1321228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ventrolateral medulla oblongata (VLM) of the brainstem contains neurochemically heterogeneous neurons that have a critical role in cardiovascular and respiratory regulation. Previous anatomical studies have shown the existence of galanin immunoreactivity in the medulla oblongata, but a detailed characterization is lacking. In this study, we demonstrate three populations of preprogalanin mRNA (PPG)\u2010expressing neurons in the VLM of the adult, male Sprague\u2010Dawley rat: a retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) group, a group in the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG), and a subpopulation of A1 neurons. PPG<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> neurons express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) only in the A1 region of the VLM, where approximately 56% of PPG<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> neurons contain TH (79 \u00b1 14; n = 4). PPG<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> neurons do not express vesicular acetylcholine transporter (vAChT) in the VLM (n = 3). However, 33% of PPG<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> neurons contain neurokinin\u20101 receptor (NK1R) in the rVRG (126 \u00b1 12; n = 12), accounting for \u223c28% of all NK1R<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> neurons in the region. Retrogradely transported cholera toxin B injected into the thoracic spinal cord (T1) revealed that bulbospinal PPG<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> neurons are present in the rVRG (n = 3; \u223c26% of PPG<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> neurons). PPG<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> neurons in the RTN and locus coeruleus are selectively activated (Fos) following 2 hours of exposure to hypercapnia, but not by hypoxia. Neurons in the A1, nucleus of the solitary tract, and dorsomedial hypothalamus are activated by both chemoreceptor stimuli. The results suggest that PPG<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> neurons represent a population of brainstem neurons that play a critical and differential role in the chemoreflex responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia. J. Comp. Neurol., 2012. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,28]],"date-time":"2011-07-28T16:23:50Z","timestamp":1311870230000},"page":"154-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Brainstem galanin\u2010synthesizing neurons are differentially activated by chemoreceptor stimuli and represent a subpopulation of respiratory neurons"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"520","author":[{"given":"Darko","family":"Spirovski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Pilowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90885.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902120207"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970224)378:4<454::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-19-07417.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22495"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21532"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02304-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-007-0338-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-007-0338-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91810-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(00)01446-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02736757"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.118224"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903480309"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"H1823","article-title":"Participation of galanin in baroreflex inhibition of heart rate by hypothalamic PVN in rat","volume":"271","author":"Chen YL","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(83)90482-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(93)90117-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1991.sp018760"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01148.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(02)00840-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(81)80028-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816x.2001.01733.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00213-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00075.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903470106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2001.90.2.475"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903480202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02871-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90458-L"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2042-05.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn0901-927"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90570-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.86.1.438"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","first-page":"R1035","article-title":"Central respiratory control of A5 and A6 pontine noradrenergic neurons","volume":"264","author":"Guyenet PG","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03806.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-445X.2005.t01-1-00134.x","article-title":"Retrotrapezoid nucleus: a litmus test for the identification of central chemoreceptors","volume":"90","author":"Guyenet PG","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.21.9780"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1999.00378.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21650"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(96)00034-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90357-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(88)90076-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2004.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(01)00321-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(92)90130-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.07.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)90718-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902610408"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.099325"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.07.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91871-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)92652-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(81)90068-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(03)00591-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200112040-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00537.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2004.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03498.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)91224-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05157.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902480404"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-12-03640.1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2003.00859.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00679.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(99)00008-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2002.020032"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01261.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)01191-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990705)409:3<469::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000126533"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Galanin immunoreactive neurons in the medulla oblongata of rats","volume":"45","author":"Palkovits M","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Biol Hung"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5687(02)00013-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200209000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91318-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903010409"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199512010-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0092"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.38.22129"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1995.73.3.933"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.73.1.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00803.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.2000.279.2.R729"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1190-06.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00163-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90453-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-12-07979.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_1","first-page":"R1336","article-title":"Rat vasopressin cell responses to simulated hemorrhage\u2014stimulus\u2010dependent role for A1 noradrenergic neurons","volume":"37","author":"Smith DW","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1196"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10486"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21897"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90098-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2009.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.103788"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19971117)388:2<169::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1169"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03755.2002","article-title":"Depressor and tachypneic responses to chemical stimulation of the ventral respiratory group are reduced by ablation of neurokinin\u20101 receptor\u2010expressing neurons","volume":"22","author":"Wang H","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9728405"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(99)00407-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702676104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4886(05)80022-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20515"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-4106(93)90162-3"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcne.22723","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.22723","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T11:27:11Z","timestamp":1697023631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cne.22723"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cne.22723"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.22723","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9967","1096-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9967","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,14]]}}}