{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T07:51:16Z","timestamp":1760255476634},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,8]],"date-time":"2012-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The superior colliculus (SC) is a key structure within the extrageniculate pathway of visual information to cortex and is highly involved in visuomotor functions. Previous studies in anthropoid primates have shown that superficial layers of the SC receive direct inputs from various visual cortical areas such as V1, V2, and middle temporal (MT), while deeper layers receive direct inputs from visuomotor cortical areas within the posterior parietal cortex and the frontal eye fields. Very little is known, however, about the corticotectal projections in prosimian primates. In the current study we investigated the sources of cortical inputs to the SC in prosimian galagos (<jats:italic>Otolemur garnetti<\/jats:italic>) using retrograde anatomical tracers placed into the SC. The superficial layers of the SC in galagos received the majority of their inputs from early visual areas and visual areas within the MT complex. Yet, surprisingly, MT itself had relatively few corticotectal projections. Deeper layers of the SC received direct projections from visuomotor areas including the posterior parietal cortex and premotor cortex. However, relatively few corticotectal projections originated within the frontal eye fields. While prosimian galagos resemble other primates in having early visual areas project to the superficial layers of the SC, with higher visuomotor regions projecting to deeper layers, the results suggest that MT and frontal eye field projections to the SC were sparse in early primates, remained sparse in present\u2010day prosimian primates, and became more pronounced in anthropoid primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2002\u20132020, 2012. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,15]],"date-time":"2011-12-15T14:50:40Z","timestamp":1323960640000},"page":"2002-2020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Cortical projections to the superior colliculus in prosimian galagos (<i>Otolemur garnetti<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"520","author":[{"given":"Mary K.L","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon H.","family":"Kaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970120)377:3<313::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90458-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90153-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.814619"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(73)90576-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902320403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2147\/EB.S16998","article-title":"VGLUT2 mRNA and protein expression in the visual thalamus and midbrain of prosimian galagos (Otolemur garnetti)","volume":"3","author":"Balaram P","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye and Brain"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22552","article-title":"Superior colliculus connections with visual thalamus in gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis): evidence for four subdivisions within the pulvinar complex","volume":"519","author":"Baldwin MKL","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902000309"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980706)396:3<381::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19980824)398:2<162::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902990404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/259"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","series-title":"Cortical sensory organization","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Multiple auditory areas","author":"Brugge JF","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902870402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902690307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20010305)431:2<155::AID-CNE1062>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501762102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902930408"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1031751100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(80)90070-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)60461-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800001486"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20665"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)91230-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902300106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(85)90066-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1979.11739553"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00325634"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90256-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901870307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902530402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902650304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.57.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","series-title":"Evolution of nervous systems","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Mammals","author":"Jerison HV","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4101-06.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21067"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000063563"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/7131.003.0120","volume-title":"The visual neurosciences","author":"Kaas JH","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","series-title":"Comparative primate biology","first-page":"327","volume-title":"Neurosciences","author":"Kaas JH","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-02-00534.1993","article-title":"Connections of visual areas of the upper temporal lobe of owl monkeys: the MT crescent and dorsal and ventral subdivisions of FST","volume":"13","author":"Kaas JH","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20440"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)91528-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1988.60.2.621","article-title":"Relation of cortical areas MT and MST to pursuit eye movements. III. Interaction with full field visual stimulation","volume":"60","author":"Komatsu H","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800000213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903190111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903340402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(76)90754-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(73)90794-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1931.tb01023.x","article-title":"The brain of microcebus murinus","volume":"101","author":"Le Gros Clark WE","year":"1931","journal-title":"Proc Zool Soc Lond"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(81)90068-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800008130"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-003-1500-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000064159"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902350207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00227293"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","volume-title":"Primate origins and evolution","author":"Martin RD","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.03-12-02563.1983","article-title":"The connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) and their relationship to a cortical hierarchy in the macaque monkey","volume":"3","author":"Maunsell JH","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(05)51011-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8174","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-20-08174.2001","article-title":"From three\u2010dimensional speace vision to prehensile hand movements: the lateral intraparietal area links the area V3A and the anterior intraparietal area in macaques","volume":"15","author":"Nakamura H","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.78.6.3493"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.05.002.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903100403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903100404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901800312"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800006064"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.6.3193"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-06-04464.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00240493"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00327.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1903.tb00497.x","article-title":"On the morphology of the brain in the Mammalia, with special reference to that of the lemurs, recent and extinct","volume":"8","author":"Smith EG","year":"1903","journal-title":"Trans Linnean Soc Lond"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902710403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1976.39.2.401","article-title":"Relationship between visual and tactile representations in cat superior colliculus","volume":"39","author":"Stein BE","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3422.003.0020","volume-title":"The handbook of multisensory processes","author":"Stein Be","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000155963"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501048102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22181"},{"issue":"783","key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","first-page":"807","article-title":"Organization of the posterior parietal cortex in galagos. II. Ipsilateral cortical connections of physiologically identified zones within interior sensorimotor region","volume":"517","author":"Stepniewska I","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"Cortical and subcortical connections of the frontal eye field in prosimian primates","author":"Stepniewska I","year":"2009","journal-title":"Soc Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901810304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.3.626","article-title":"Analysis of motion of the visual field by direction, expansion\/contraction, and rotation cells clustered in the dorsal part of the medial superior temporal area of the macaque monkey","volume":"62","author":"Tanaka K","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.4.1713","article-title":"Electrical microstimulation distinguishes distinct saccade\u2010related areas in the posterior parietal cortex","volume":"80","author":"Their P","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.4.2754"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Distribution of retinofugal and corticofugal axon terminals in the superior colliculus of squirrel monkey","volume":"20","author":"Tigges J","year":"1981","journal-title":"Inv Ophthamol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-10-02786.1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902480204"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902230304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1974.37.5.896","article-title":"Characteristics of unit responses in superior colliculus of the cebus monkey","volume":"37","author":"Updyke BV","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902110208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.2.1246"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902560112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902280109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902640108","article-title":"Somatosensory projections to the mesencephalon: an anatomical study in the monkey","volume":"264","author":"Wiberg M","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(70)90181-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21109"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22162"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90728-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10542"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20000717)423:1<140::AID-CNE12>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","first-page":"221","article-title":"Somatosensory areas S2 and PV project to the superior colliculus of prosimian primate, Galago garnetti","volume":"3","author":"Wu CW","year":"2005","journal-title":"Somatosens Mot Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00315642"}],"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcne.23025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.23025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T13:10:33Z","timestamp":1697461833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cne.23025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,8]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cne.23025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.23025","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9967","1096-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9967","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,8]]}}}