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We used a new RFRP\u20103 antibody to characterize the cell body distribution and fiber projections of RFRP\u20103 neurons in the adult female brushtail possum brain. RFRP\u20103\u2010immunoreactive cell bodies were found scattered within the dorsomedial hypothalamus and the dorsomedial half of the ventromedial hypothalamus, while GnRH neurons were observed scattered rostrocaudally along the lateral septum, rostral to the medial septum. There was a significant 2\u2010fold increase in the RFRP\u20103 cell body number during the nonbreeding season (summer) compared to the breeding season (winter). Immunoreactive RFRP\u20103 fibers were distributed throughout the thalamus, preoptic area, and hypothalamus. Very few fibers were observed in the median eminence, especially in the external zone. Intraperitoneal injection of the retrograde tracer Fluoro\u2010Gold resulted in the labeling of 40% of hypophysiotropic tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase\u2010positive) neurons; however, &lt;10% of zona incerta dopaminergic neurons (which are not hypophysiotropic) or RFRP\u20103 neurons were labeled with this tracer. These observations suggest that RFRP\u20103 exhibits a seasonal fluctuation in cell numbers, as seen in sheep and birds, which is consistent with an increased inhibitory tone during the nonbreeding season. The lack of RFRP\u20103 fibers in the median eminence and of Fluoro\u2010Gold uptake from the periphery imply that the actions of this peptide occur primarily centrally rather than at the anterior pituitary gland. J. Comp. Neurol. 521: 3030\u20133041, 2013. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,16]],"date-time":"2013-03-16T08:51:40Z","timestamp":1363423900000},"page":"3030-3041","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Seasonal changes in RFamide\u2010related peptide\u20103 neurons in the hypothalamus of a seasonally breeding marsupial species, the brushtail possum (<i>Trichosurus vulpecula<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"521","author":[{"given":"Anan A.","family":"Harbid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy University of Otago School of Medical Sciences Dunedin 9054 New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernie J.","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgResearch Invermay Agricultural Centre Mosgiel 9053 New 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