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Recent work has shown that physical inactivity versus activity alters neuronal structure in brain regions associated with cardiovascular regulation. Our physiological studies suggest that neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are more responsive to excitation in sedentary versus physically active animals. We hypothesized that enhanced functional responses in the RVLM may be due, in part, to changes in the structure of RVLM neurons that control sympathetic activity. We used retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to identify bulbospinal catecholaminergic (C1) neurons in sedentary and active rats after chronic voluntary wheel\u2010running exercise. We then digitally reconstructed their cell bodies and dendrites at different rostrocaudal levels. The dendritic arbors of spinally projecting TH neurons from sedentary rats were more branched than those of physically active rats (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In sedentary rats, dendritic branching was greater in more rostral versus more caudal bulbospinal C1 neurons, whereas, in physically active rats, dendritic branching was consistent throughout the RVLM. In contrast, cell body size and the number of primary dendrites did not differ between active and inactive animals. We suggest that these structural changes provide an anatomical underpinning for the functional differences observed in our <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> studies. These inactivity\u2010related structural and functional changes may enhance the overall sensitivity of RVLM neurons to excitatory stimuli and contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in sedentary individuals. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:499\u2013513, 2014. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,12]],"date-time":"2013-10-12T01:31:10Z","timestamp":1381541470000},"page":"499-513","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Physical (in)activity\u2010dependent structural plasticity in bulbospinal catecholaminergic neurons of rat rostral ventrolateral medulla"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"522","author":[{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Mischel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan 48201"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ida J.","family":"Llewellyn\u2010Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology Wayne State University School of Medicine Detroit Michigan 48201"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Medicine Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, School of 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