{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T15:40:53Z","timestamp":1780328453912,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,19]],"date-time":"2014-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1397865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Circadian rhythms generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) are entrained to the environmental light\/dark cycle via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) expressing the photopigment melanopsin and the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase\u2010activating polypeptide (PACAP). The ipRGCs regulate other nonimage\u2010forming visual functions such as the pupillary light reflex, masking behavior, and light\u2010induced melatonin suppression. To evaluate whether PACAP\u2010immunoreactive retinal projections are useful as a marker for central projection of ipRGCs in the monkey brain, we characterized the occurrence of PACAP in melanopsin\u2010expressing ipRGCs and in the retinal target areas in the brain visualized by the anterograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B (CtB) in combination with PACAP staining. In the retina, PACAP and melanopsin were found to be costored in 99% of melanopsin\u2010expressing cells characterized as inner and outer stratifying melanopsin RGCs. Two macaque monkeys were anesthetized and received a unilateral intravitreal injection of CtB. Bilateral retinal projections containing colocalized CtB and PACAP immunostaining were identified in the SCN, the lateral geniculate complex including the pregeniculate nucleus, the pretectal olivary nucleus, the nucleus of the optic tract, the brachium of the superior colliculus, and the superior colliculus. In conclusion, PACAP\u2010immunoreactive projections with colocalized CtB represent retinal projections of ipRGCs in the macaque monkey, supporting previous retrograde tracer studies demonstrating that melanopsin\u2010containing retinal projections reach areas in the primate brain involved in both image\u2010 and nonimage\u2010forming visual processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2231\u20132248, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,19]],"date-time":"2014-04-19T11:13:39Z","timestamp":1397906019000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Central projections of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the macaque monkey"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"522","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Hannibal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry Bispebjerg Hospital DK2400, NV Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Kankipati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama 35233"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.E.","family":"Strang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vision Sciences University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama 35233"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.B.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Structure and the National Primate Research Center University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Dacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Structure and the National Primate Research Center University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.D.","family":"Gamlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama 35233"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,19]]},"container-title":["Journal of Comparative Neurology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcne.23588","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcne.23588","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cne.23588","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T21:28:27Z","timestamp":1696541307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cne.23588"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,19]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cne.23588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cne.23588","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9967","1096-9861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9967","type":"print"},{"value":"1096-9861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,19]]}}}