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In the present study we used cholera toxin B neuronal tract tracing and immunohistochemical markers for cholinergic cells (vesicular acetylcholine transporter [VAChT]), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and serotonin (5HT) to identify putative O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010sensing cells in <jats:italic>Rana catesbeiana<\/jats:italic>. We found potential O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010sensing cells in all three vascular areas innervated by branches of the vagus nerve, whereas only cells in the carotid labyrinth were innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve. Cells containing either 5HT or TH were found in all three sites, whereas cells containing both neurotransmitters were found only in the carotid labyrinth. Cell bodies containing VAChT were not found at any site. The morphology and innervation of putative O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010sensing cells were similar to those of glomus cells found in other vertebrates. The presence of 5HT\u2010 and TH\u2010immunoreactive cells in the aorta, pulmocutaneous artery, and carotid labyrinth appears to reflect a phylogenetic transition between the major neurotransmitter seen in the putative O2\u2010sensing cells of fish (5HT) and those found in the glomus cells of mammals (acetylcholine, adenosine, and catecholamines). J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3754\u20133774, 2014. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,21]],"date-time":"2014-06-21T15:27:12Z","timestamp":1403364432000},"page":"3754-3774","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Distribution and innervation of putative arterial chemoreceptors in the bullfrog (<i>Rana catesbeiana<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"522","author":[{"given":"Catalina","family":"Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Vancouver V6T 1Z4 Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelina Y.","family":"Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dee 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