{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:35:37Z","timestamp":1791153337994,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DP1 OD000448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP1 OD000448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J of Comparative Neurology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only a few distantly related mammals and birds have the trait of complex vocal learning, which is the ability to imitate novel sounds. This ability is critical for speech acquisition and production in humans, and is attributed to specialized forebrain vocal control circuits that have several unique connections relative to adjacent brain circuits. As a result, it has been hypothesized that there could exist convergent changes in genes involved in neural connectivity of vocal learning circuits. In support of this hypothesis, expanding on our related study (Pfenning et al. [2014] Science 346: 1256846), here we show that the forebrain part of this circuit that makes a relatively rare direct connection to brainstem vocal motor neurons in independent lineages of vocal learning birds (songbird, parrot, and hummingbird) has specialized regulation of axon guidance genes from the SLIT\u2013ROBO molecular pathway. The <jats:italic>SLIT1<\/jats:italic> ligand was differentially downregulated in the motor song output nucleus that makes the direct projection, whereas its receptor <jats:italic>ROBO1<\/jats:italic> was developmentally upregulated during critical periods for vocal learning. Vocal nonlearning bird species and male mice, which have much more limited vocal plasticity and associated circuits, did not show comparable specialized regulation of SLIT\u2013ROBO genes in their nonvocal motor cortical regions. These findings are consistent with SLIT and ROBO gene dysfunctions associated with autism, dyslexia, and speech sound language disorders and suggest that convergent evolution of vocal learning was associated with convergent changes in the SLIT\u2013ROBO axon guidance pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:892\u2013906, 2015. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,26]],"date-time":"2014-11-26T07:48:06Z","timestamp":1416988086000},"page":"892-906","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Convergent differential regulation of SLIT\u2010ROBO axon guidance genes in the brains of vocal learners"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"523","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Howard Hughes Medical Institute Duke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina 27710"},{"name":"Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program Institute for Genome Science and Policy Duke University Durham North Carolina 27710"},{"name":"Beijing Prosperous Biopharm Beijing 100085 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