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GnIH belongs to the LPXRFa family of peptides previously identified in mammalian and nonmammalian vertebrates. Studying the detailed distribution of LPXRFa as well as its receptor (LPXRFa\u2010R) in the brain and pituitary is important for understanding their multiple action sites and potential functions. However, the distribution of LPXRFa and LPXRFa\u2010R has not been studied in teleost species, partially because of the lack of fish\u2010specific antibodies. Therefore, in the present study, we generated specific antibodies against LPXRFa and its receptor from Nile tilapia (<jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>), and examined their distributions in the brain and pituitary by immunohistochemistry. Tilapia LPXRFa\u2010immunoreactive neurons lie in the posterior ventricular nucleus of the caudal preoptic area, whereas LPXRFa\u2010R\u2010immunoreactive cells are distributed widely. Double immunofluorescence showed that neither LPXRFa\u2010immunoreactive fibers nor LPXRFa\u2010R is closely associated or coexpressed with GnRH1, GnRH3, or kisspeptin (Kiss2) neurons. In the pituitary, LPXRFa fibers are closely associated with gonadotropic endocrine cells [expressing luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle\u2010stimulating hormone (FSH)], with adrenocorticomelanotropic cells [corticotropin (ACTH) and \u03b1\u2010melanotropin (\u03b1\u2010MSH)], and with somatolactin endocrine cells. In contrast, LPXRFa\u2010R are expressed only in LH, ACTH, and \u03b1\u2010MSH cells. These results suggest that LPXRFa and LPXRFa\u2010R signaling acts directly on the pituitary cells independent from GnRH or kisspeptin and could play multiple roles in reproductive and nonreproductive functions in teleosts. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2753\u20132775, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T07:49:47Z","timestamp":1456472987000},"page":"2753-2775","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Distribution of LPXRFa, a gonadotropin\u2010inhibitory hormone ortholog peptide, and LPXRFa receptor in the brain and pituitary of the tilapia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"524","author":[{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences Monash University Malaysia Selangor Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mageswary","family":"Sivalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Research Institute, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences Monash University Malaysia Selangor 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