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Evidence for involvement of local protein synthesis in regenerating central nervous system (CNS) axons is less extensive. We monitored regeneration of back\u2010labeled lamprey spinal axons after spinal cord transection and detected mRNA in axon tips by <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization and microaspiration of their axoplasm. Poly(A)+mRNA was present in the axon tips, and was more abundant in actively regenerating tips than in static or retracting ones. Target\u2010specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization revealed plentiful mRNA for the low molecular neurofilament subunit and \u03b2\u2010tubulin, but very little for \u03b2\u2010actin, consistent with the morphology of their tips, which lack filopodia and lamellipodia. Electron microscopy showed ribosomes\/polyribosomes in the distal parts of axon tips and in association with vesicle\u2010like membranes, primarily in the tip. In one instance, there were structures with the appearance of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Immunohistochemistry showed patches of ribosomal protein S6 positivity in a similar distribution. The results suggest that local protein synthesis might be involved in the mechanism of axon regeneration in the lamprey spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3614\u20133640, 2016. \u00a9 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]],"date-time":"2016-04-27T17:06:28Z","timestamp":1461776788000},"page":"3614-3640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Protein synthetic machinery and mRNA in regenerating tips of spinal cord axons in lamprey"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"524","author":[{"given":"Li\u2010Qing","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University 3500 North Broad Street Philadelphia PA 19140"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia R.","family":"Pennise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University 3500 North Broad Street Philadelphia PA 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