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However, birds of the order Palaeognathae seem to lack a proper ION in histologically stained brain sections. We had previously reported in the palaeognathous Chilean Tinamou (<jats:italic>Nothoprocta perdicaria<\/jats:italic>) that intraocular injections of Cholera Toxin B subunit retrogradely label a considerable number of neurons, which form a diffuse isthmo\u2010optic complex (IOC). In order to better understand how this IOC\u2010based centrifugal visual system is organized, we have studied its major components by means of in vivo and in vitro tracing experiments. Our results show that the IOC, though structurally less organized than an ION, possesses a dense core region consisting of multipolar neurons. It receives afferents from neurons in L10a of the optic tectum, which are distributed with a wider interneuronal spacing than in Neognathae. The tecto\u2010IOC terminals are delicate and divergent, unlike the prominent convergent tecto\u2010ION terminals in Neognathae. The centrifugal IOC terminals in the retina are exclusively divergent, resembling the terminals from \u201cectopic\u201d centrifugal neurons in Neognathae. We conclude that the Tinamou's IOC participates in a comparable general IOC\u2010retina\u2010TeO\u2010IOC circuitry as the neognathous ION. However, the connections between the components are structurally different and their divergent character suggests a lower spatial resolution. Our findings call for further comparative studies in a broad range of species for advancing our understanding of the evolution, plasticity and functional roles of the avian centrifugal visual system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,3]],"date-time":"2017-03-03T12:46:58Z","timestamp":1488545218000},"page":"2514-2534","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The centrifugal visual system of a palaeognathous bird, the Chilean Tinamou (<i>Nothoprocta perdicaria<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"525","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1431-5591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quirin","family":"Krabichler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Zoologie, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Freising\u2010Weihenstephan  Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Vega\u2010Zuniga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Zoologie, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Freising\u2010Weihenstephan  Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denisse","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maximo","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristi\u00e1n","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez\u2010Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Zoologie, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Freising\u2010Weihenstephan  Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Luksch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Zoologie, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Freising\u2010Weihenstephan  Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/40.10.1527370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(95)00155-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(89)90104-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Handbook of the birds of the world: Ostrich to ducks","author":"Cabot J.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/326186a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.22.8165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.1988.tb00570.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902070303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902340307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000112284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.11.4455"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523800007690"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19960129)365:1\u2009<\u200996::AID-CNE8\u2009>\u20093.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901670202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000380810"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000123821"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070760"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"545","article-title":"An experimental study of the avian visual system","volume":"95","author":"Cowan W. 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