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Here, we studied the innervation of the avian vocal organ, the syrinx, in the zebra finch. Using a combination of immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and neural tracing with subunit B of cholera toxin (CTB), we analysed the peripheral and central endings of the branch of the hypoglossal nerve that supplies the syrinx, the tracheosyringeal nerve. In the syringeal muscles, we show the presence of numerous choline acetyl transferase\u2010like immunoreactive <jats:italic>en plaque<\/jats:italic> motor endplates and substance P\u2010like immunoreactive, thin and varicose free nerve endings. Substance P\u2010like immunoreactive free nerve endings were also present in the luminal syringeal tissues, especially in the luminal epithelium of the trachea and pessulus. Also, by a combination of immunofluorescence and transganglionic tracing following injections of CTB in the tracheosyringeal nerve, we identified as central targets of the syringeal receptors the caudolateral part of the interpolaris subnucleus of the descending trigeminal tract, a caudolateral region of the nucleus tractus solitarius, and a lateral band of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus. Further studies are required to determine the sensory modalities of these receptors and the connections of their specific synaptic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,4]],"date-time":"2017-05-04T22:32:52Z","timestamp":1493937172000},"page":"2847-2860","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Innervation of the syrinx of the zebra finch (<i>Taeniopygia guttata<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"525","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0522-448X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Macarena","family":"Faunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o F.","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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